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Monnery BD. Polycation-Mediated Transfection: Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4060-4083. [PMID: 34498457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-mediated gene transfection is now in its' fourth decade of serious research, but the promise of polyplex-mediated gene therapy has yet to fully materialize. Only approximately one in a million applied plasmids actually expresses. A large part of this is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of polyplex transfection. There is an assumption that internalization must follow a canonical mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis. Herein, we present arguments that untargeted (and most targeted) polyplexes do not utilize these routes. By incorporating knowledge of syndecan-polyplex interactions, we can show that syndecans are the "target" for polyplexes. Further, it is known that free polycations (which disrupt cell-membranes by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters) are necessary for (untargeted) endocytosis. This can be incorporated into the model to produce a novel mechanism of endocytosis, which fits the observed phenomenology. After membrane translocation, polyplex containing vesicles reach the endosome after diffusing through the actin mesh below the cell membrane. From there, they are acidified and trafficked toward the lysosome. Some polyplexes are capable of escaping the endosome and unpacking, while others are not. Herein, it is argued that for some polycations, as acidification proceeds the polyplexes excluding free polycations, which disrupt the endosomal membrane by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, allowing the polyplex to escape. The polyplex's internal charge ratio is now insufficient for stability and it releases plasmids which diffuse to the nucleus. A small proportion of these plasmids diffuse through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), with aggregation being the major cause of loss. Those plasmids that have diffused through the NPC will also aggregate, and this appears to be the reason such a small proportion of nuclear plasmids express mRNA. Thus, the structural features which promote unpacking in the endosome and allow for endosomal escape can be determined, and better polycations can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Department of Organic and (Bio)Polymer Chemistry, Hasselt University, Building F, Agoralaan 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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2
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Alfei S, Catena S. Synthesis and characterization of versatile amphiphilic dendrimers peripherally decorated with positively charged amino acids. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari; Università di Genova; Genoa Italy
| | - Silvia Catena
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari; Università di Genova; Genoa Italy
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3
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Alfei S, Catena S. Synthesis and characterization of fourth generation polyester-based dendrimers with cationic amino acids-modified crown as promising water soluble biomedical devices. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari; Università di Genova; Viale Cembrano 4 I-16148 Genoa Italy
| | - Silvia Catena
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari; Università di Genova; Viale Cembrano 4 I-16148 Genoa Italy
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4
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Ding F, Mou Q, Ma Y, Pan G, Guo Y, Tong G, Choi CHJ, Zhu X, Zhang C. A Crosslinked Nucleic Acid Nanogel for Effective siRNA Delivery and Antitumor Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Quanbing Mou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gaifang Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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Ding F, Mou Q, Ma Y, Pan G, Guo Y, Tong G, Choi CHJ, Zhu X, Zhang C. A Crosslinked Nucleic Acid Nanogel for Effective siRNA Delivery and Antitumor Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3064-3068. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Quanbing Mou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gaifang Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering (Biomedical Engineering); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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6
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Hu J, Liu S. Topological effects of macrocyclic polymers: from precise synthesis to biomedical applications. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Qiu N, Liu X, Zhong Y, Zhou Z, Piao Y, Miao L, Zhang Q, Tang J, Huang L, Shen Y. Esterase-Activated Charge-Reversal Polymer for Fibroblast-Exempt Cancer Gene Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10613-10622. [PMID: 27786373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective gene expression in tumors via responsive dissociation of polyplexes triggered by intracellular signals is demonstrated. An esterase-responsive charge-reversal polymer mediates selective gene expression in the cancer cells high in esterases over fibroblasts low in esterase activity. Its gene therapy with the TRAIL suicide gene effectively induces apoptosis of HeLa cells but does not activate fibroblasts to secrete WNT16B, enabling potent cancer gene therapy with few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasha Qiu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Miao
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Qianzhi Zhang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Chen J, Guo Z, Tian H, Chen X. Production and clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16023. [PMID: 27088105 PMCID: PMC4822651 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for specific treatment of numerous gene-associated human diseases by intentionally altering the gene expression in pathological cells. A successful clinical application of gene-based therapy depends on an efficient gene delivery system. Many efforts have been attempted to improve the safety and efficiency of gene-based therapies. Nanoparticles have been proved to be the most promising vehicles for clinical gene therapy due to their tunable size, shape, surface, and biological behaviors. In this review, the clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery will be particularly highlighted. Several promising candidates, which are closest to clinical applications, will be briefly reviewed. Then, the recent developments of nanoparticles for clinical gene therapy will be identified and summarized. Finally, the development of nanoparticles for clinical gene delivery in future will be prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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9
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Polyglutamic acid based polyanionic shielding system for polycationic gene carriers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Effects of chirality on gene delivery efficiency of polylysine. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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