1
|
Abraham N, Chan ETS, Zhou T, Seah SYK. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957148. [PMID: 36504774 PMCID: PMC9726736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain genera of fungi including but not limited to Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Their persistence in agricultural commodities poses a significant food safety issue owing to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive effects. Due to their inherent stability, mycotoxin levels in contaminated food often exceed the prescribed regulatory thresholds posing a risk to both humans and livestock. Although physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove mycotoxins, these approaches may reduce the nutrient quality and organoleptic properties of food. Microbial transformation of mycotoxins is a promising alternative for mycotoxin detoxification as it is more specific and environmentally friendly compared to physical/chemical methods. Here we review the biological detoxification of the major mycotoxins with a focus on microbial enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edicon Tze Shun Chan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Stephen Y. K. Seah,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li P, Su R, Yin R, Lai D, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhou L. Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020121. [PMID: 32075201 PMCID: PMC7076809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that pose a major threat to the safety of food and feed. Mycotoxins are usually converted into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites through biotransformation that are often made by living organisms as well as the isolated enzymes. The conversions mainly include hydroxylation, oxidation, hydrogenation, de-epoxidation, methylation, glycosylation and glucuronidation, esterification, hydrolysis, sulfation, demethylation and deamination. Biotransformations of some notorious mycotoxins such as alfatoxins, alternariol, citrinin, fomannoxin, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone analogues are reviewed in detail. The recent development and applications of mycotoxins detoxification through biotransformation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Ruixue Su
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Ruya Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Mingan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.L.); (R.S.); (R.Y.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-1199
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Birolli WG, Lima RN, Porto ALM. Applications of Marine-Derived Microorganisms and Their Enzymes in Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, the Underexplored Potentials. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1453. [PMID: 31481935 PMCID: PMC6710449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity has been explored in the search for novel enzymes, including forests, savannas, tundras, deserts, and finally the sea. Marine microorganisms and their enzymes are capable of being active in high-salt concentration, large range of temperature, and high incidence of light and pressure, constituting an important source of unique biocatalysts. This review presents studies employing whole-cell processes of marine bacteria and fungi, aiming for new catalysts for different reactions in organic synthesis, such as reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, elimination, and conjugation. Genomics and protein engineering studies were also approached, and reactions employing isolated enzymes from different classes (oxidoreductases, hydrolases, lyases, and ligases) were described and summarized. Future biotechnological studies and process development should focus on molecular biology for the obtention of enzymes with interesting, fascinating and enhanced properties, starting from the exploration of microorganisms from the marine environment. This review approaches the literature about the use of marine-derived bacteria, fungi, and their enzymes for biocatalytic reactions of organic compounds, promoting a discussion about the possibilities of these microorganisms in the synthesis of different substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willian G Birolli
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.,Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rafaely N Lima
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.,Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - André L M Porto
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Markov K, Frece J, Pleadin J, Bevardi M, Barišić L, Kljusurić JG, Vulić A, Jakopović Ž, Mrvčić J. Gluconobacter oxydans – potential biological agent for binding or biotransformation of mycotoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential application of viable and heat-treated cells of Gluconobacter oxydans for binding or degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT) in liquid matrix was investigated. Experiments were conducted using uncontaminated and toxin-containing YPM (yeast-peptone-mannitol) medium and inoculated with a bacterium suspension of either viable or heat-treated cells (108 cfu/ml) and incubated at 28 °C for 24 h. The unbound AFB1 and OTA were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas CIT and PAT were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Obtained results suggest that G. oxydans is able to bind various mycotoxins by 26 to 94%. Viable cells showed the best binding ability towards OTA and PAT (80.8 and 93.8%, respectively), while heat-treated cells bound less than 50% of tested mycotoxins. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that partial removal of mycotoxins involves physical binding of the toxin to the proteins and polysaccharides constituting the bacterial cell wall. Since mycotoxins contain numerous functional groups that multiply the IR spectra upon binding to bacteria, the precision of FTIR monitoring of bacteria-mycotoxin interactions is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Markov
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Frece
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Bevardi
- Dr. Andrija-Štampar Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska St. 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L. Barišić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Department of Process Engineering, Laboratory for Measurement, Control and Automatisation, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A. Vulić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ž. Jakopović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Mrvčić
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxicon 2019; 160:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Shao S, Zhou T. Strategies and Methodologies for Developing Microbial Detoxification Systems to Mitigate Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E130. [PMID: 28387743 PMCID: PMC5408204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of mycotoxigenic fungi, have been found in almost all agricultural commodities worldwide, causing enormous economic losses in livestock production and severe human health problems. Compared to traditional physical adsorption and chemical reactions, interest in biological detoxification methods that are environmentally sound, safe and highly efficient has seen a significant increase in recent years. However, researchers in this field have been facing tremendous unexpected challenges and are eager to find solutions. This review summarizes and assesses the research strategies and methodologies in each phase of the development of microbiological solutions for mycotoxin mitigation. These include screening of functional microbial consortia from natural samples, isolation and identification of single colonies with biotransformation activity, investigation of the physiological characteristics of isolated strains, identification and assessment of the toxicities of biotransformation products, purification of functional enzymes and the application of mycotoxin decontamination to feed/food production. A full understanding and appropriate application of this tool box should be helpful towards the development of novel microbiological solutions on mycotoxin detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tannous J, Snini SP, El Khoury R, Canlet C, Pinton P, Lippi Y, Alassane-Kpembi I, Gauthier T, El Khoury A, Atoui A, Zhou T, Lteif R, Oswald IP, Puel O. Patulin transformation products and last intermediates in its biosynthetic pathway, E- and Z-ascladiol, are not toxic to human cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2455-2467. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Kanpiengjai A, Mahawan R, Lumyong S, Khanongnuch C. A soil bacterium Rhizobium borbori and its potential for citrinin-degrading application. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
9
|
Wahidullah S, Naik DN, Devi P. Fermentation products of solvent tolerant marine bacterium Moraxella spp. MB1 and its biotechnological applications in salicylic acid bioconversion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83647. [PMID: 24391802 PMCID: PMC3877071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a proactive approach to environmental protection, emerging issues with potential impact on the environment is the subject of ongoing investigation. One emerging area of environmental research concerns pharmaceuticals like salicylic acid, which is the main metabolite of various analgesics including aspirin. It is a common component of sewage effluent and also an intermediate in the degradation pathway of various aromatic compounds which are introduced in the marine environment as pollutants. In this study, biotransformation products of salicylic acid by seaweed, Bryopsis plumosa, associated marine bacterium, Moraxella spp. MB1, have been investigated. Phenol, conjugates of phenol and hydroxy cinnamic acid derivatives (coumaroyl, caffeoyl, feruloyl and trihydroxy cinnamyl) with salicylic acid (3-8) were identified as the bioconversion products by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These results show that the microorganism do not degrade phenolic acid but catalyses oxygen dependent transformations without ring cleavage. The degradation of salicylic acid is known to proceed either via gentisic acid pathway or catechol pathway but this is the first report of biotransformation of salicylic acid into cinnamates, without ring cleavage. Besides cinnamic acid derivatives (9-12), metabolites produced by the bacterium include antimicrobial indole (13) and β-carbolines, norharman (14), harman (15) and methyl derivative (16), which are beneficial to the host and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solimabi Wahidullah
- Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Deepak N. Naik
- Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Prabha Devi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McCormick SP. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:907-18. [PMID: 23846184 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal natural products that are toxic to vertebrate animals including humans. Microbes have been identified that enzymatically convert aflatoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin, patulin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin to less toxic products. Mycotoxin-degrading fungi and bacteria have been isolated from agricultural soil, infested plant material, and animal digestive tracts. Biotransformation reactions include acetylation, glucosylation, ring cleavage, hydrolysis, deamination, and decarboxylation. Microbial mycotoxin degrading enzymes can be used as feed additives or to decontaminate agricultural commodities. Some detoxification genes have been expressed in plants to limit the pre-harvest mycotoxin production and to protect crop plants from the phytotoxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxin-deficient mutants may be useful in assessing the role of mycotoxins in the ecology of the microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trivedi N, Gupta V, Kumar M, Kumari P, Reddy CRK, Jha B. Solvent tolerant marine bacterium Bacillus aquimaris secreting organic solvent stable alkaline cellulase. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:706-12. [PMID: 21388656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The organic solvent tolerant bacteria with their physiological abilities to decontaminate the organic pollutants have potentials to secrete extracellular enzymes of commercial importance. Of the 19 marine bacterial isolates examined for their solvent tolerance at 10vol.% concentration, one had the significant tolerance and showed a relative growth yield of 86% for acetone, 71% for methanol, 52% for benzene, 35% for heptane, 24% for toluene and 19% for ethylacetate. The phylogenetic analysis of this strain using 16S rDNA sequence revealed 99% homology with Bacillus aquimaris. The cellulase enzyme secreted by this strain under normal conditions showed an optimum activity at pH 11 and 45°C. The enzyme did show functional stability even at higher pH (12) and temperature (75°C) with residual activity of 85% and 95% respectively. The enzyme activity in the presence of different additives were in the following order: Co(+2)>Fe(+2)>NaOCl(2)>CuSO(4)>KCl>NaCl. The enzyme stability in the presence of solvents at 20vol.% concentration was highest in benzene with 122% followed by methanol (85%), acetone (75%), toluene (73%) and heptane (42%). The pre-incubation of enzyme in ionic liquids such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide increased its activity to 150% and 155% respectively. The change in fatty acid profile with different solvents further elucidated the physiological adaptations of the strain to tolerate such extreme conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Trivedi
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364 021, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park SY, Kim R, Ryu CM, Choi SK, Lee CH, Kim JG, Park SH. Citrinin, a mycotoxin from Penicillium citrinum, plays a role in inducing motility of Paenibacillus polymyxa. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 65:229-37. [PMID: 18459968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus polymyxa, a Gram-positive low-G+C spore-forming soil bacterium, belongs to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The swarming motility of P. polymyxa strain E681 was greatly induced by a secondary metabolite, citrinin, produced by Penicillium citrinum KCTC6549 in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 2.5-15.0 microg mL(-1) on tryptic soy agar plates containing 1.0% (w/v) agar. Flagellum staining showed that citrinin activated the production of flagella by P. polymyxa. This result was supported by reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of gene expression, which showed increased transcriptional levels of sigD and hag homologues of P. polymyxa E681 in the presence of citrinin. The results presented here show that a mycotoxin, citrinin, has a newly identified function of inducing bacterial motility by transcriptional activation of related genes. This finding contributes to our understanding of the interactions between bacteria and fungal strains in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Park
- Systems Microbiology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|