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Omote D, Makino SI, Okunaga I, Ishii M, Tatsumoto N, Aizawa M, Asanuma K. Unusual course of glyphosate-induced acute kidney injury: a case report of tubulointerstitial nephritis treated with steroids. CEN Case Rep 2025; 14:128-134. [PMID: 39073524 PMCID: PMC11958899 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-024-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide that is generally considered safe; however, acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by glyphosate ingestion can be severe and require hemodialysis. We present a unique case of a 68-year-old Japanese man who developed AKI after accidental ingestion of glyphosate and required hemodialysis. Based on the clinical presentation and findings, the patient was diagnosed with renal AKI with severe tubulointerstitial damage. However, the precise pathogenesis of the tubulointerstitial damage remained unclear. An elevated beta-2 microglobulin level discovered by the urinalysis during admission raised the suspicion of tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by glyphosate. Gallium scintigraphy revealed accumulation in both kidneys. A renal biopsy revealed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis rather than acute tubular necrosis, which is commonly observed with glyphosate-induced renal injury. After initiating steroid therapy, his kidney function gradually improved and he was weaned from hemodialysis. This report is the first to describe glyphosate-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis that was successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Furthermore, this report highlights the importance of steroid therapy for cases of persistent kidney injury after the discontinuation of agents associated with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Omote
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Makino
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Issei Okunaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ishii
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Narihito Tatsumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masashi Aizawa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
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Galli FS, Mollari M, Tassinari V, Alimonti C, Ubaldi A, Cuva C, Marcoccia D. Overview of human health effects related to glyphosate exposure. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1474792. [PMID: 39359637 PMCID: PMC11445186 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1474792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a chemical compound derived from glycine, marketed as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and represents one of the most widely used pesticides in the world. For a long time, it was assumed that glyphosate was harmless, either due to its selective enzymatic acting method on plants, and because commercial formulations were believed to contain only inert chemicals. Glyphosate is widely spread in the environment, the general population is daily exposed to it via different routes, including the consumption of both plant, and non-plant based foods. Glyphosate has been detected in high amounts in workers' urine, but has been detected likewise in bodily fluids, such as blood and maternal milk, and also in 60%-80% of general population, including children. Considering its massive presence, daily exposure to glyphosate could be considered a health risk for humans. Indeed, in 2015, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified glyphosate and its derivatives in Group 2A, as probable human carcinogens. In 2022, nevertheless, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) stated that the available data did not provide sufficient evidence to prove the mutagenic/carcinogenic effects of glyphosate. Therefore, the European Commission (EC) decided to renew the approval of glyphosate for another 10 years. The purpose of this review is to examine the scientific literature, focusing on potential risks to human health arising from exposure to glyphosate, its metabolites and its commercial products (e.g., Roundup®), with particular regard to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential and its effects as endocrine disrupter (ED) especially in the human reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Silvia Galli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Mollari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tassinari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Alimonti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ubaldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Cuva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Marcoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
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Liu KH, Chang SS, Tu CY, Chen HY, Lee WC, Tsai KF, Kuo PY, Yen JC, Wang IK, Yen TH. Human poisoning with glyphosate-surfactant herbicides: Retrospective analysis of mortality outcomes of patients treated in a poison center. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241297004. [PMID: 39439199 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241297004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The toxicity and carcinogenicity of glyphosate have long been debated. Nevertheless, the mortality rate in patients with acute glyphosate-surfactant poisoning varies across different groups. METHODS Between 2002 and 2020, 109 patients with glyphosate-surfactant poisoning received treatment at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Patients were stratified into two subgroups according to their prognosis: good (n = 74) or poor (n = 35). Baseline demographics, psychiatric comorbidities, medical complications, and laboratory data were collected, and mortality data were analyzed. RESULTS The patients were 54.1 ± 17.5 years of age and were mostly male (68.8%). Most patients (91.7%) ingested pesticides intentionally, and patients arrived at the hospital within 7.1 ± 12.7 h. Psychiatric comorbidities were prevalent, and the top three comorbidities were mental (71.6%), depressive (48.6%), and adjustment (14.7%) disorder. Patients with poor prognoses were older than those with good prognoses (p = .007). Moreover, patients with poor prognoses had lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (p < .001) and diastolic blood pressure (p = .008), but higher incidences of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (p < .001), aspiration pneumonia (p < .001), hypotension (p < .001), hyperglycemia (p = .002), acute kidney injury (p < .001), and metabolic acidosis (p < .001) than patients with good prognoses. The mortality rate was 5.5%. A multivariate-logistic-regression model revealed that the Glasgow Coma Scale score was a significant risk factor for poor prognosis (odds ratio 0.653, confidence interval 0.427-0.998; p = .049). However, no risk factors for mortality were identified. CONCLUSIONS A total of 32.1% of patients with glyphosate-surfactant poisoning had poor prognoses, and 5.5% of patients died despite treatment. The mortality outcome is comparable to that of published reports from other international poison centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jen Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Dali, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ying Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ching Yen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Kuan Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Gadotti CP, de Oliveira JM, de Oliveira Bender JM, de Souza Lima MDF, Taques GR, Quináia SP, Romano MA, Romano RM. Prepubertal to adulthood exposure to low doses of glyphosate-based herbicide increases the expression of the Havcr1 (Kim1) biomarker and causes mild kidney alterations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 467:116496. [PMID: 37001608 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a nonselective and postemergent herbicide used to combat weeds in several crops, which raises concerns about risks to human health since residues are detected in urine, human milk, surface water and several types of food. Feces and urine are the major routes of elimination of glyphosate, making the kidney a sensitive target for the development of toxicity. In fact, farmers are at high risk of developing chronic kidney disease. In this sense, this study aims to investigate kidney function by measuring the serum levels of urea and creatinine, examining the histological morphology, and analyzing the mRNA expression of genes related to tubular transport of ions, urea and urates and the biomarker of kidney disease Kim1, and the levels of lead in the kidney in male Wistar rats orally exposed to low levels of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH: 0, 0.5 or 5 mg/kg) from weaning to adult life by gavage. GBH0.5 showed reduced serum urea concentration, presence of tubulointerstitial swelling and mononuclear cell infiltration into the interstitium, increased gene expression of Kim1 and reduced gene expression of Slc14a1. GBH5 showed reduced serum urea and increased serum creatinine concentrations, tubulointerstitial swelling, interstitial fibrosis, and reduced expression of Trpm6 and Trpv5. Exposure to GBH did not affect the levels of Pb in the kidneys of animals. In conclusion, glyphosate at low doses may cause mild kidney damage. It is necessary to evaluate whether the long-term effects of this constant injury may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology.
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Liu M, Lu S, Yang C, Zhang D, Zhu J, Yin J, Zhao H, Yang B, Kuang H. Maternal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide impairs placental development through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113640. [PMID: 36724846 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used agrochemicals worldwide, increasing the risk of their occurrence in the environment. This study aimed to explore effects and mechanisms of GBH exposure on placental development in vivo during pregnancy in mice. Pregnant mice received GBH by gavage at 0, 5, and 50 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1 doses from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD 13 and were sacrificed on GD 13 or GD19. Our data indicated that GBH administration significantly increased the number of resorbed fetuses, reduced the weight of fetuses and placentas, and inhibited placental growth, as evident from decreased placental total area and spongiotrophoblast area on GD 19. GBH treatment also inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of placenta via upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -12 expression, and downregulation of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 expression. Further study showed that GBH exposure significantly increased expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) mRNAs and proteins and triggered oxidative stress in placenta on GD 13 and GD 19. In conclusion, our findings suggest that maternal exposure to GBH can impair placental development through the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated activation of GRP78/PERK/CHOP signaling pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Nursing School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, PR China.
| | - Siying Lu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Chuanzhen Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Dalei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Jiting Yin
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hongru Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Haibin Kuang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
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The Significance of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate for Predicting Mortality in Glyphosate Herbicide-Intoxicated Patients: A Single-Center, Retrospective Observational Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164824. [PMID: 36013063 PMCID: PMC9409664 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glyphosate herbicide (GH) is widely used worldwide. It has a higher fatality rate than expected. GH-poisoned cases are increasingly reported. Acute kidney injury in poisoned patients is one of several predictors of GH mortality. The aim of this study was to determine whether estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) could predict kidney injury in GH intoxication. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the emergency department (ED) of a single hospital between January 2004 and December 2021. A total of 434 patients presented with GH intoxication via oral ingestion, and 424 were enrolled. Their demographic characteristics, laboratory variables, complications, and mortality were analyzed to determine clinical predictors associated with GH-induced mortality using a logistic regression analysis. The relationship between GH intoxication and eGFR was determined based on the results of dominance analysis. Additionally, the comparison of creatinine and eGFR was performed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: A total of 424 GH-poisoned patients were enrolled. Of them, 43 (10.1%) died. In the multivariable analysis, initial GCS (OR: 0.874; 95% CI: 0.765−0.998, p = 0.047), albumin (OR: 0.874; 95% CI: 0.765−0.998, p = 0.027), pH (OR: 0.002; 95% CI: 0.000−0.037, p < 0.001), QTc interval (OR: 1.018; 95% CI: 1.007−1.029, p = 0.001), and eGFR (OR: 0.969; 95% CI: 0.95−0.989, p = 0.003) were independent factors for predicting in-hospital mortality. In the dominance analysis of the relative importance of the predictive factors, pH accounted for the largest proportion at 35.8%, followed by QTc (20.0%), GCS (17.3%), eGFR (17.0%), and albumin (9.9%). Additionally, eGFR had a larger area under the ROC curve (0.846; 95% CI, 0.809−0.879) than that of creatinine (0.811; 95% CI, 0.771−0.848, p = 0.033). Conclusion: In sum, eGFR, considered a surrogate of renal function, was a useful prognostic factor for mortality in glyphosate herbicide-poisoned patients.
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Khacha-ananda S, Intayoung U, Wunnapuk K, Kohsuwan K, Srisai P, Sapbamrer R. Urinary Levels of Sirtuin-1, π-Glutathione S-Transferase, and Mitochondrial DNA in Maize Farmer Occupationally Exposed to Herbicide. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050252. [PMID: 35622665 PMCID: PMC9145378 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between agrochemical exposure and risk of renal injury. Farmers face great risks to developing adverse effects. The most appropriate biomarker related to renal injury needs to be developed to encounter earlier detection. We aim to study the association between early renal biomarker and occupational herbicide exposure in maize farmers, Thailand. Sixty-four farmers were recruited and interviewed concerning demographic data, herbicide usage, and protective behavior. Two spot urines before (pre-work task) and after (post-work task) herbicide spraying were collected. To estimate the intensity of exposure, the cumulative herbicide exposure intensity index (cumulative EII) was also calculated from activities on the farm, type of personal protective equipment (PPE) use, as well as duration and frequency of exposure. Four candidate renal biomarkers including π-GST, sirtuin-1, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were measured. Most subjects were male and mostly sprayed three herbicides including glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). A type of activity in farm was mixing and spraying herbicide. Our finding demonstrated no statistical significance of all biomarker levels between pre- and post-work task urine. To compare between single and cocktail use of herbicide, there was no statistical difference in all biomarker levels between pre- and post-work task urine. However, the urinary mtDNA seems to be increased in post-work task urine. Moreover, the cumulative EII was strongly associated with change in mtDNA content in both ND-1 and COX-3 gene. The possibility of urinary mtDNA as a valuable biomarker was promising as a noninvasive benchmark for early detection of the risk of developing renal injury from herbicide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supakit Khacha-ananda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (U.I.); (K.W.); (K.K.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 239, Huay Kaew Road, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Unchisa Intayoung
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (U.I.); (K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (U.I.); (K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kanyapak Kohsuwan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sri Phum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (U.I.); (K.W.); (K.K.)
| | | | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Zhang L, Ding F, Wang R, Wu X, Wan Y, Hu J, Wu Q. Involvement of mitochondrial fission in renal tubular pyroptosis in mice exposed to high and environmental levels of glyphosate combined with hard water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117082. [PMID: 33848899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC) has reached epidemic proportions. The combination of glyphosate and hard water has been postulated to play a potent aetiological role in CINAC. Therefore, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated aberrant mitochondrial fission and subsequent activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (Nlrp3)/caspase1 pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of nephropathy. In the present study, mice were sub-chronically exposed to high doses and environmental levels of glyphosate (100 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg·bw) glyphosate in Roundup and 0.7 mg/L pure glyphosate, respectively) and hard water (2500 mg/L CaCO3 and 250 mg/L Ca2+, respectively) in drinking water. Moreover, Mdivi-1 (Md-1, 10 mg/kg·bw) was intraperitoneally injected to inhibit Drp1 on the basis of the high-dose experiment. Histopathological examination, biochemical analysis, ELISA, western blotting and fluorescent staining were used to analyse renal structure, renal tubular pyroptosis and mitochondrial fission/fusion alterations. The results showed dramatic proximal tubular injury, particularly in the combined groups. Moreover, significant increases in the protein expression levels of calmodulin (CaM), calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Drp1/p-Drp1-Ser616 and the Txnip/Nlrp3/caspase1 signalling pathway, and alterations in oxidative stress were observed in the combined groups, and these effects were attenuated by the Drp1 inhibitor Md-1. Intriguingly, there may be a synergistic effect of glyphosate and hard water on renal injury. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of glyphosate and hard water, even at environmental exposure levels, enhances pyroptosis and ongoing tubulointerstitial inflammation through excessive Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Ding
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruojing Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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