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Liu X, Han M, Chen J, Zhang X, Chen Z, Tang Y, Qu T, Huang C, Yu S, Fu Z. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Chinese endemic species of Nouelia insignis (Hyalideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic implications. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:600-602. [PMID: 35386630 PMCID: PMC8979506 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1921629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was the first report complete chloroplast genome of Nouelia insignis (Asteraceae, Hyalideae), the large shrubs to small trees endemic to China. The circular whole cp genome of N. insignis was 151,524 bp in length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,145 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,261 bp. These two regions were separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb), each of them 25,060 bp in length. A total of 135 functional genes were encoded, consisting of 89 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome sequence was 37.8%, and the GC contents of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions were 35.9, 31.5, and 43.2%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis by the Bayesian analysis showed that the species of N.insignis was sister group with Gerbera jamesonii by strong support values, and thus was closely related to members of subfamilies of Cichorioideae and Pertyoideae. These results will be useful for the future studies of Asteraceae in the worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoyun Han
- Natural Resources Bureau of Maoxian, Maoxian, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Chengdu Foreign Languages School, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Jinjiang Experimental School, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmeng Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Application and Development of Plant Resources, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhua Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Application and Development of Plant Resources, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixi Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Application and Development of Plant Resources, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Sustainable Development Research Center of Resources and Environment of Western Sichuan, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Liu F, Gao C, Chen M, Tang G, Sun Y, Li K. The impacts of flowering phenology on the reproductive success of the narrow endemic Nouelia insignis Franch. (Asteraceae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9396-9409. [PMID: 34306630 PMCID: PMC8293708 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nouelia insignis Franch. (Asteraceae) is a short, narrow endemic and endangered tree, growing with a natural population in the dry and hot valley of the Jinsha River in the southwest area of China. In this work, flowering phenology (time and duration), floral biology, visit frequency and behavior of pollinators, and pollination characteristics were studied based on investigation in the field and analysis in the laboratory with the help of a stereomicroscope, and the relationship between seed setting rate and reproductive traits, as well as the relationship between flowering time and rainfall before flowering, was tested using the method of general linear regression model. The results showed that natural population of N. insignis exhibited high flowering synchrony with relatively stable flowering duration, and the flowering time fluctuated greatly depending on the rainfall 5 months before flowering. The pollination of N. insignis required pollinators, and insect activities played a very important role in the pollination process. However, lack of the pollinators was not a limitation for reproductive fitness in N. insignis, although the number of pollinators was small and the frequency of visits was low. In addition, no pollen limitation was found during pollination. The average seed setting rate of N. insignis in the natural condition was only 1.52%-3.73%, and it was generally affected by changes in flowering phenology between years and had a higher seed set in early flowering year. The annual variation of seed set might be related to the annual variations of stamen and pistil functions, such as changes of pollen viability and stigma receptivity, which were closely related to flowering time. The results of this study are of value for further conservation actions on natural population of this threatened endemic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangYan Liu
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - ChengJie Gao
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Min Chen
- College of Life ScienceSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina
| | - GuoYong Tang
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Yongyu Sun
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Kun Li
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
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Xiao S, Ji Y, Liu J, Gong X. Genetic characterization of the entire range of Cycas panzhihuaensis (Cycadaceae). PLANT DIVERSITY 2020; 42:7-18. [PMID: 32140633 PMCID: PMC7046506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cycas panzhihuaensis L. Zhou & S. Y. Yang (Cycadaceae) is an endangered gymnosperm species endemic to the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River basin in southwest China. Although the wild C. panzhihuaensis population from Panzhihua Cycad Natural Reserve is well protected and its genetic diversity has been well assessed, the genetic characteristics of populations outside the nature reserve, which face larger risks of extinction, remain unknown. Furthermore, the population genetics and historical dynamics of this endemic and endangered species have not been examined across its entire range. In this study, to analyze the genetic diversity, phylogeographical structure and demographic history of C. panzhihuaensis from all its seven known locations, we sequenced and compared molecular data from chloroplastic DNA (psbA-trnH, psbM-trnD, and trnS-trnG), single-copy nuclear genes (PHYP, AC5, HSP70, and AAT) from 61 individuals, as well as 11 nuclear microsatellite loci (SSR) from 102 individuals. We found relatively high genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations of C. panzhihuaensis, which is consistent with the patterns of other Asian inland cycads. Although no significant phylogeographical structure was detected, we found that small and unprotected populations possess higher genetic diversity and more unique haplotypes, which revises our understanding of diversity within this species and deserves due attention. Analysis of demographic dynamics suggest that human activity might be the key threat to C. panzhihuaensis. Based on the genetic characterization of C. panzhihuaensis, we propose several practical guidelines for the conservation of this species, especially for the populations with small sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
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Xu F, Lei P, Jiang M, Sang L, Guan F, Meng F, Quan H. Genetic diversity of Herpetospermum caudigerum (Ser.) Baill using AFLP and chloroplast microsatellites. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1642798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fuling Xu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Pei Lei
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Mingquan Jiang
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, PR China
| | - Liqun Sang
- Institute of Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, PR China
| | - Fachun Guan
- Institute of Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, PR China
- Institute of Rural Energy and Ecology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hong Quan
- Institute of Plateau Ecology, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, PR China
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, PR China
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Zhao Y, Yin G, Pan Y, Gong X. Ecological and Genetic Divergences with Gene Flow of Two Sister Species ( Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis) Driving by Climatic Transition in Southwest China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29422911 PMCID: PMC5789531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the processes of divergence and speciation is a major task for biodiversity researches and may offer clearer insight into mechanisms generating biological diversity. Here, we employ an integrative approach to explore genetic and ecological differentiation of Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis distributed allopatrically along the two sides of the biogeographic boundary 'Tanaka Line' in Southwest China. We addressed these questions using ten low-copy nuclear genes and nine plastid DNA regions sequenced among individuals sampled from 28 populations across their geographic ranges in China. Phylogenetic, coalescent-based population genetic analyses, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework and ecological niche models (ENMs) were conducted. We identified a closer phylogenetic relationship in maternal lineage of L. decora with N. insignis than that between L. decora and congeneric Leucomeris spectabilis. A deep divergence between the two species was observed and occurred at the boundary between later Pliocene and early Pleistocene. However, the evidence of significant chloroplast DNA gene flow was also detected between the marginal populations of L. decora and N. insignis. Niche models and statistical analyses showed significant ecological differentiation, and two nuclear loci among the ten nuclear genes may be under divergent selection. These integrative results imply that the role of climatic shift from Pliocene to Pleistocene may be the prominent factor for the divergence of L. decora and N. insignis, and population expansion after divergence may have given rise to chloroplast DNA introgression. The divergence was maintained by differential selection despite in the face of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Genshen Yin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuezhi Pan
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Zhang J, Huang X, Huang DJ, Zhang Y, Huang LK, Lu L, Yan HD. Studies on genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) and related species based on combined chloroplast DNA intergenic spacer data. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu J, Zhou W, Gong X. Species delimitation, genetic diversity and population historical dynamics of Cycas diannanensis (Cycadaceae) occurring sympatrically in the Red River region of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:696. [PMID: 26442013 PMCID: PMC4562272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Delimitating species boundaries could be of critical importance when evaluating the species' evolving process and providing guidelines for conservation genetics. Here, species delimitation was carried out on three endemic and endangered Cycas species with resembling morphology and overlapped distribution range along the Red River (Yuanjiang) in China: Cycas diananensis Z. T. Guan et G. D. Tao, Cycas parvula S. L. Yang and Cycas multiovula D. Y. Wang. A total of 137 individuals from 15 populations were genotyped by using three chloroplastic (psbA-trnH, atpI-atpH, and trnL-rps4) and two single copy nuclear (RPB1 and SmHP) DNA sequences. Basing on the carefully morphological comparison and cladistic haplotype aggregation (CHA) analysis, we propose all the populations as one species, with the rest two incorporated into C. diannanensis. Genetic diversity and structure analysis of the conflated C. diannanensis revealed this species possessed a relative lower genetic diversity than estimates of other Cycas species. The higher genetic diversity among populations and relative lower genetic diversity within populations, as well as obvious genetic differentiation among populations inferred from chloroplastic DNA (cpDNA) suggested a recent genetic loss within this protected species. Additionally, a clear genetic structure of C. diannanensis corresponding with geography was detected based on cpDNA, dividing its population ranges into "Yuanjiang-Nanhun" basin and "Ejia-Jiepai" basin groups. Demographical history analyses based on combined cpDNA and one nuclear DNA (nDNA) SmHP both showed the population size of C. diannanensis began to decrease in Quaternary glaciation with no subsequent expansion, while another nDNA RPB1 revealed a more recent sudden expansion after long-term population size contraction, suggesting its probable bottleneck events in history. Our findings offer grounded views for clarifying species boundaries of C. diannanensis when determining the conservation objectives. For operational guidelines, the downstream populations which occupy high and peculiar haplotypes should be given prior in-situ conservation. In addition, ex-situ conservation and reintroduction measures for decades of generations are supplemented for improving the population size and genetic diversity of the endemic and endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
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Zhao YJ, Gong X. Genetic divergence and phylogeographic history of two closely related species (Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis) across the 'Tanaka Line' in Southwest China. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:134. [PMID: 26153437 PMCID: PMC4495643 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis (Asteraceae) are narrowly and allopatrically distributed species, separated by the important biogeographic boundary Tanaka Line in Southwest China. Previous morphological, cytogenetic and molecular studies suggested that L. decora is sister to N. insignis. However, it is less clear how the two species diverged, whether in full isolation or occurring gene flow across the Tanaka Line. Here, we performed a molecular study at the population level to characterize genetic differentiation and decipher phylogeographic history in two closely related species based on variation examined in plastid and nuclear DNAs using a coalescent-based approach. RESULTS These morphologically distinct species share plastid DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes. In contrast, Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) uncovered two distinct clusters corresponding to L. decora and N. insignis. Based on the IMa analysis, no strong indication of migration was detected based on both cpDNA and nDNA sequences. The molecular data pointed to a major west-east split in nuclear DNA between the two species corresponding with the Tanaka Line. The coalescent time estimate for all cpDNA haplotypes dated to the Mid-Late Pleistocene. The estimated demographic parameters showed that the population size of L. decora was similar to that of N. insignis and both experienced limited demographic fluctuations recently. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed comprehensive species divergence and phylogeographic histories of N. insignis and L. decora divided by the Tanaka Line. The phylogeographic pattern inferred from cpDNA reflected ancestrally shared polymorphisms without post-divergence gene flow between species. The marked genealogical lineage divergence in nDNA provided some indication of Tanaka Line for its role as a barrier to plant dispersal, and lent support to its importance in promoting strong population structure and allopatric divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
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Tian B, Zhou Z, Du FK, He C, Xin P, Ma H. The Tanaka Line shaped the phylogeographic pattern of the cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) in southwest China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yan H, Zhang X, Fu C, Huang L, Yin G, Nie G, Xu W, Liu X, Chen T, Lee S, Ma X, Peng Y, Yan Y, Ling Y, Liu W. Chloroplast DNA variation and genetic structure of Miscanthus sinensis in southwest China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang CB, Wang T, Su YJ. Phylogeography of Cephalotaxus oliveri (Cephalotaxaceae) in relation to habitat heterogeneity, physical barriers and the uplift of the Yungui Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:205-16. [PMID: 25160902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat heterogeneity, physical barriers, and the uplift of the Yungui Plateau were found to deeply affect the phylogeographic pattern and evolutionary history of Cephalotaxus oliveri, a perennial conifer endemic to China. In this study, we explored the phylogeography using three chloroplast sequences (trnL-trnF, trnT-trnD and atpB-rbcL) in 22 natural populations of C. oliveri distributed throughout its range. The Yungui Plateau populations of C. oliveri were revealed to origin ca. 9.15Ma by molecular clock estimation, which is consistent with rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) ca. 8-10Ma. Additionally, geological effects of the Yungui Plateau were suggested to promote the rapid intra-specific differentiation of C. oliveri in the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. The relatively low level of genetic diversity (h=0.719, θ=1.17×10(-3)) and high population differentiation (NST=0.771 and GST=0.642) implied restricted gene flow among populations, which was confirmed by the Nested Clade Analysis (NCA). Mismatch distribution and haplotypes network provided evidences of recent demographic population expansion. Furthermore, the statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis indicated that the center of origin was in Central China. The comparison of haplotype distribution patterns indicated that the regions of HNHPS and HBLD were the potential refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages. Our results highlighted that habitat heterogeneity and physical barriers presenting in a species range can predict genetic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - T Wang
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Y J Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Shenzhen R&D Center, Shenzhen 518057, China; Institute for Technology Research and Innovation of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Genetic structure of the endangered Leucomeris decora (Asteraceae) in China inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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