1
|
Huang S, Gao Y, Hu Y, Shen F, Jin Z, Cho Y. Recent development of piezoelectric biosensors for physiological signal detection and machine learning assisted cardiovascular disease diagnosis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29174-29194. [PMID: 37818271 PMCID: PMC10561672 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05932d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As cardiovascular disease stands as a global primary cause of mortality, there has been an urgent need for continuous and real-time heart monitoring to effectively identify irregular heart rhythms and to offer timely patient alerts. However, conventional cardiac monitoring systems encounter challenges due to inflexible interfaces and discomfort during prolonged monitoring. In this review article, we address these issues by emphasizing the recent development of the flexible, wearable, and comfortable piezoelectric passive sensor assisted by machine learning technology for diagnosis. This innovative device not only harmonizes with the dynamic mechanical properties of human skin but also facilitates continuous and real-time collection of physiological signals. Addressing identified challenges and constraints, this review provides insights into recent advances in piezoelectric cardiac sensors, from devices to circuit systems. Furthermore, this review delves into the integration of machine learning technologies, showcasing their pivotal role in facilitating continuous and real-time assessment of cardiac status. The synergistic combination of flexible piezoelectric sensor design and machine learning holds substantial potential in automating the detection of cardiac irregularities with minimal human intervention. This transformative approach has the power to revolutionize patient care paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Huang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yujia Gao
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yian Hu
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fengyi Shen
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhangsiyuan Jin
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuljae Cho
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Minhang District Shanghai 200240 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng Z, Guo L, Chen X, Wu W. Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052479. [PMID: 36904682 PMCID: PMC10007426 DOI: 10.3390/s23052479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and system integration, and the number of high-performance wearable systems has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, there are still many challenges in these fields, such as balancing the trade-off between flexibility/stretchability, sensing performance, and the robustness of systems. For this reason, more evolution is required to promote the development of wearable health-monitoring systems. In this regard, this review summarizes some representative achievements and recent progress of wearable systems for health monitoring. Meanwhile, a strategy overview is presented about selecting materials, integrating systems, and monitoring biosignals. The next generation of wearable systems for accurate, portable, continuous, and long-term health monitoring will offer more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Deng
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Huayang, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| | - Ximeng Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mehrpouyan M, Zamanian H, Mehri-Kakavand G, Pursamimi M, Shalbaf A, Ghorbani M, Abbaskhani Davanloo A. Detection of stage of lung changes in COVID-19 disease based on CT images: a radiomics approach. Phys Eng Sci Med 2022; 45:747-755. [PMID: 35796865 PMCID: PMC9261171 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to classify patients suspected from COVID-19 to five stages as normal, early, progressive, peak, and absorption stages using radiomics approach based on lung computed tomography images. Lung CT scans of 683 people were evaluated. A set of statistical texture features was extracted from each CT image. The people were classified using the random forest algorithm as an ensemble method based on the decision trees outputs to five stages of COVID-19 disease. Proposed method attains the highest result with an accuracy of 93.55% (96.25% in normal, 74.39% in early, 100% in progressive, 82.19% in peak, and 96% in absorption stage) compared to the other three common classifiers. Radiomics method can be used for the classification of the stage of COVID-19 disease with good accuracy to help decide the length of time required to hospitalize patients, determine the type of treatment process required for patients in each category, and reduce the cost of care and treatment for hospitalized individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrpouyan
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.,Medical Physics and Radiological Sciences Department, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamed Zamanian
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Mehri-Kakavand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Pursamimi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shalbaf
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meng K, Xiao X, Wei W, Chen G, Nashalian A, Shen S, Xiao X, Chen J. Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109357. [PMID: 35044014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sophia Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brindise MC, Meyers BA, Kutty S, Vlachos PP. Automated peak prominence-based iterative Dijkstras algorithm for segmentation of B-mode echocardiograms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:1595-1607. [PMID: 34714729 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a user-initialized, automated segmentation method for use with echocardiograms (echo). The method uses an iterative Dijkstra's algorithm, a strategic node selection, and a novel cost matrix formulation based on intensity peak prominence, termed the Prominence Iterative Dijkstras algorithm, or ProID. ProID is initialized with three user-input clicks per time-series scan. ProID was tested using artificial echo images representing five different systems. Results showed accurate LV contours and volume estimations as compared to the ground-truth for all systems. Using the CAMUS dataset, we demonstrate ProID maintained similar Dice similarity scores to other automated methods. ProID was then used to analyze a clinical cohort of 66 pediatric patients, including normal and diseased hearts. Output segmentations, end-diastolic, end-systolic volumes, and ejection fraction were compared against manual segmentations from two expert readers. ProID maintained an average Dice score of 0.93 when comparing against manual segmentation. Comparing the two expert readers, the manual segmentations maintained a score of 0.93 which increased to 0.95 when they used ProID. Thus, ProID reduced the inter-operator variability across the expert readers. Overall, this work demonstrates ProID yields accurate boundaries across age groups, disease states, and echo platforms with low computational cost and no need for training data.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen S, Xiao X, Xiao X, Chen J. Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators for heart rate monitoring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5871-5879. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerator emerges as a cost-effective biotechnology that could convert the subtle skin deformation caused by arterial pressure fluctuation into high voltage output, creating electrical signals with an extremely high signal-to-noise ratio for high-fidelity continuous pulse waveform monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Shen
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aortic root sizing for transcatheter aortic valve implantation using a shape model parameterisation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2081-2092. [PMID: 31353427 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-01996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During a transcatheter aortic valve implantation, an axisymmetric implant is placed in an irregularly shaped aortic root. Implanting an incorrect size can cause complications such as leakage of blood alongside or through the implant. The aim of this study was to construct a method that determines the optimal size of the implant based on the three-dimensional shape of the aortic root. Based on the pre-interventional computed tomography scan of 89 patients, a statistical shape model of their aortic root was constructed. The weights associated with the principal components and the volume of calcification in the aortic valve were used as parameters in a classification algorithm. The classification algorithm was trained using the patients with no or mild leakage after their intervention. Subsequently, the algorithms were applied to the patients with moderate to severe leakage. Cross validation showed that a random forest classifier assigned the same size in 65 ± 7% of the training cases, while 57 ± 8% of the patients with moderate to severe leakage were assigned a different size. This initial study showed that this semi-automatic method has the potential to correctly assign an implant size. Further research is required to assess whether the different size implants would improve the outcome of those patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shahshahani A, Zilic Z, Bhadra S. An Ultrasound-Based Biomedical System for Continuous Cardiopulmonary Monitoring: A Single Sensor for Multiple Information. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:268-276. [PMID: 31021748 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2912407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical wearable sensors enable long-term monitoring applications and provide instantaneous diagnostic capabilities. Physiological monitoring can help in both the diagnosis and the ongoing treatment of a vast number of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases such as hypertension, dysrhythmia, and asthma. In this paper, we present a system capable of monitoring several vital signals and physiological variables that determine the cardiopulmonary activity status. We explore direct measurements of multiple vital parameters with only one sensor and without special constraints. The system employs a PZT-4 piezo transducer stimulated by a suitable analog front end. The system both generates pulsed ultrasound waves at 1 MHz and amplifies reflected echoes to track internal organ motions, mainly that of the heart apex. According to the respiratory motion of the heart, the proposed system provides respiratory and heart cycles information. Promising results were obtained from six subjects with an average accuracy of 96.7% in heartbeats per minute measurement, referenced to a commercial photoplethysmography sensor. It also exhibits 94.5% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity in respiration detection compared to a spirometer signal as a reference.
Collapse
|
9
|
Song G, Han J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Du H. A Review on Medical Image Registration as an Optimization Problem. Curr Med Imaging 2017; 13:274-283. [PMID: 28845149 PMCID: PMC5543570 DOI: 10.2174/1573405612666160920123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: In the course of clinical treatment, several medical media are required by a phy-sician in order to provide accurate and complete information about a patient. Medical image registra-tion techniques can provide a richer diagnosis and treatment information to doctors and to provide a comprehensive reference source for the researchers involved in image registration as an optimization problem. Methods: The essence of image registration is associating two or more different images spatial asso-ciation, and getting the translation of their spatial relationship. For medical image registration, its pro-cess is not absolute. Its core purpose is finding the conversion relationship between different images. Result: The major step of image registration includes the change of geometrical dimensions, and change of the image of the combination, image similarity measure, iterative optimization and interpo-lation process. Conclusion: The contribution of this review is sort of related image registration research methods, can provide a brief reference for researchers about image registration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jianda Han
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Huibin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arabasadi Z, Alizadehsani R, Roshanzamir M, Moosaei H, Yarifard AA. Computer aided decision making for heart disease detection using hybrid neural network-Genetic algorithm. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 141:19-26. [PMID: 28241964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the most rampant causes of death around the world and was deemed as a major illness in Middle and Old ages. Coronary artery disease, in particular, is a widespread cardiovascular malady entailing high mortality rates. Angiography is, more often than not, regarded as the best method for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease; on the other hand, it is associated with high costs and major side effects. Much research has, therefore, been conducted using machine learning and data mining so as to seek alternative modalities. Accordingly, we herein propose a highly accurate hybrid method for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. As a matter of fact, the proposed method is able to increase the performance of neural network by approximately 10% through enhancing its initial weights using genetic algorithm which suggests better weights for neural network. Making use of such methodology, we achieved accuracy, sensitivity and specificity rates of 93.85%, 97% and 92% respectively, on Z-Alizadeh Sani dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Arabasadi
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Roshanzamir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Moosaei
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Bojnord, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shalbaf A, AlizadehSani Z, Behnam H. Echocardiography without electrocardiogram using nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2015; 42:137-49. [PMID: 26576567 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-014-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a new automatic image processing technique, based on nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) to separate a cardiac cycle and also detect end-diastole (ED) (cardiac cycle start) and end-systole (ES) frames on an echocardiography system without using ECG. METHODS Isometric feature mapping (Isomap) and locally linear embeddings (LLE) are the most popular NLDR algorithms. First, Isomap algorithm is applied on recorded echocardiography images. By this approach, the nonlinear embedded information in sequential images is represented in a two-dimensional manifold and each image is characterized by a symbol on the constructed manifold. Cyclicity analysis of the resultant manifold, which is derived from the cyclic nature of the heart motion, is used to perform cardiac cycle length estimation. Then, LLE algorithm is applied on extracted left ventricle (LV) echocardiography images of one cardiac cycle. Finally, the relationship between consecutive symbols of the resultant manifold by the LLE algorithm, which is based on LV volume changes, is used to estimate ED (cycle start) and ES frames. The proposed algorithms are quantitatively compared to those obtained by a highly experienced echocardiographer from ECG as a reference in 20 healthy volunteers and 12 subjects with pathology. RESULTS Mean difference in cardiac cycle length, ED, and ES frame estimation between our method and ECG detection by the experienced echocardiographer is approximately 7, 17, and 17 ms (0.4, 1, and 1 frame), respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed image-based method, based on NLDR, can be used as a useful tool for estimation of cardiac cycle length, ED and ES frames in echocardiography systems, with good agreement to ECG assessment by an experienced echocardiographer in routine clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shalbaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra AlizadehSani
- Cardiovascular Imaging, Shaheed Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Behnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mirsadeghi M, Behnam H, Shalbaf R, Jelveh Moghadam H. Characterizing Awake and Anesthetized States Using a Dimensionality Reduction Method. J Med Syst 2015; 40:13. [PMID: 26573650 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-015-0382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing between awake and anesthetized states is one of the important problems in surgery. Vital signals contain valuable information that can be used in prediction of different levels of anesthesia. Some monitors based on electroencephalogram (EEG) such as the Bispectral (BIS) index have been proposed in recent years. This study proposes a new method for characterizing between awake and anesthetized states. We validated our method by obtaining data from 25 patients during the cardiac surgery that requires cardiopulmonary bypass. At first, some linear and non-linear features are extracted from EEG signals. Then a method called "LLE"(Locally Linear Embedding) is used to map high-dimensional features in a three-dimensional output space. Finally, low dimensional data are used as an input to a quadratic discriminant analyzer (QDA). The experimental results indicate that an overall accuracy of 88.4 % can be obtained using this method for classifying the EEG signal into conscious and unconscious states for all patients. Considering the reliability of this method, we can develop a new EEG monitoring system that could assist the anesthesiologists to estimate the depth of anesthesia accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mirsadeghi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Behnam
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - R Shalbaf
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Jelveh Moghadam
- Department of Anesthesia, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranjbar S, Karvandi M. Letter to the editor regarding paper "Automatic computation of left ventricular volume changes over a cardiac cycle from echocardiography images by nonlinear dimensionality reduction". J Digit Imaging 2014; 28:128-9. [PMID: 25319488 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-014-9740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ranjbar
- Modarres Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,
| | | |
Collapse
|