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Wittsack HJ, Radke KL, Stabinska J, Ljimani A, Müller-Lutz A. calf - Software for CEST Analysis with Lorentzian Fitting. J Med Syst 2023; 47:39. [PMID: 36961580 PMCID: PMC10038975 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-023-01931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI data requires sophisticated methods to obtain reliable results about metabolites in the tissue under study. CEST generates z-spectra with multiple components, each originating from individual molecular groups. The individual lines with Lorentzian line shape are mostly overlapping and disturbed by various effects. We present an elaborate method based on an adaptive nonlinear least squares algorithm that provides robust quantification of z-spectra and incorporates prior knowledge in the fitting process. To disseminate CEST to the research community, we developed software as part of this study that runs on the Microsoft Windows operating system and will be made freely available to the community. Special attention has been paid to establish a low entrance threshold and high usability, so that even less experienced users can successfully analyze CEST data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Wittsack
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Ludger Radke
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Stabinska
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alexandra Ljimani
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Müller-Lutz
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
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2
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Soellner ST, Welsch GH, Gelse K, Goldmann A, Kleyer A, Schett G, Pachowsky ML. gagCEST imaging at 3 T MRI in patients with articular cartilage lesions of the knee and intraoperative validation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1163-1172. [PMID: 33933584 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST) of knee cartilage with intraoperative results for the assessment of early osteoarthritis (OA) and to define gagCEST values for the differentiation between healthy and degenerated cartilage. DESIGN Twenty-one patients with cartilage lesions or moderate OA were examined using 3 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In this prospective study, regions of interest (ROIs) were examined by a sagittal gagCEST analysis and a morphological high-resolution three-dimensional, fat-saturated proton-density space sequence. Cartilage lesions were identified arthroscopically, graded by the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score in 42 defined ROIs per patient and consecutively compared with mean gagCEST values using analysis of variance and Spearman's rank correlation test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were applied to identify gagCEST threshold values to differentiate between the ICRS grades. RESULTS A total of 882 ROIs were examined and graduated in ICRS score 0 (67.3%), 1 (25.2%), 2 (6.2%) and the merged ICRS 3 and 4 (1.0%). gagCEST values decreased with increasing grade of cartilage damage with a negative correlation between gagCEST values and ICRS scores. A gagCEST value threshold of 3.55% was identified to differentiate between ICRS score 0 (normal) and all other grades. CONCLUSIONS gagCEST reflects the content of glycosaminoglycan and might provide a diagnostic tool for the detection of early knee-joint cartilage damage and for the non-invasive subtle differentiation between ICRS grades by MRI even at early stages in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Soellner
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - G H Welsch
- UKE Athleticum, and Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - K Gelse
- Klinikum Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany; Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany; University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - A Goldmann
- OCE Orthopaedie Centrum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - A Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - M L Pachowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Watkins LE, Rubin EB, Mazzoli V, Uhlrich SD, Desai AD, Black M, Ho GK, Delp SL, Levenston ME, Beaupré GS, Gold GE, Kogan F. Rapid volumetric gagCEST imaging of knee articular cartilage at 3 T: evaluation of improved dynamic range and an osteoarthritic population. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4310. [PMID: 32445515 PMCID: PMC7347437 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer of glycosaminoglycans, gagCEST, is a quantitative MR technique that has potential for assessing cartilage proteoglycan content at field strengths of 7 T and higher. However, its utility at 3 T remains unclear. The objective of this work was to implement a rapid volumetric gagCEST sequence with higher gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T to evaluate its sensitivity to osteoarthritic changes in knee articular cartilage and in comparison with T2 and T1ρ measures. We hypothesize that gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T decreases with increasing severity of osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-two human volunteers, including 10 healthy subjects and 32 subjects with medial OA, were included in the study. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were assessed for all subjects, and Kellgren-Lawrence grading was performed for OA volunteers. Healthy subjects were scanned consecutively at 3 T to assess the repeatability of the volumetric gagCEST sequence at 3 T. For healthy and OA subjects, gagCEST asymmetry and T2 and T1ρ relaxation times were calculated for the femoral articular cartilage to assess sensitivity to OA severity. Volumetric gagCEST imaging had higher gagCEST asymmetry than single-slice acquisitions (p = 0.015). The average scan-rescan coefficient of variation was 6.8%. There were no significant differences in average gagCEST asymmetry between younger and older healthy controls (p = 0.655) or between healthy controls and OA subjects (p = 0.310). T2 and T1ρ relaxation times were elevated in OA subjects (p < 0.001 for both) compared with healthy controls and both were moderately correlated with total KOOS scores (rho = -0.181 and rho = -0.332 respectively). The gagCEST technique developed here, with volumetric scan times under 10 min and high gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T, did not vary significantly between healthy subjects and those with mild-moderate OA. This further supports a limited utility for gagCEST imaging at 3 T for assessment of early changes in cartilage composition in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elka B Rubin
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Scott D Uhlrich
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arjun D Desai
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marianne Black
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gabe K Ho
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marc E Levenston
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gary S Beaupré
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Veteran Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Garry E Gold
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Feliks Kogan
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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4
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Einarsson E, Peterson P, Önnerfjord P, Gottschalk M, Xu X, Knutsson L, Dahlberg LE, Struglics A, Svensson J. The role of cartilage glycosaminoglycan structure in gagCEST. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4259. [PMID: 31999387 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST) is a potential method for cartilage quality assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate how the gagCEST effect depends on the types and molecular organization of GAG typically found in articular cartilage. gagCEST was performed on different concentrations of GAG in various forms: free chains of chondroitin sulfate (CS) of different types (-A and -C) and GAG bound to protein in aggregated and nonaggregated aggrecan extracted from calf articular cartilage. The measured magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym ) was compared with known GAG concentrations or GAG concentrations determined through biochemical analysis. The gagCEST effect was assessed through the linear regression coefficient with 95% confidence interval of MTRasym per GAG concentration. We observed a lower gagCEST effect in phantoms containing a mixture of CS-A and CS-C compared with phantoms containing mainly CS-A. The difference in response corresponds well to the difference in CS-A concentration. GAG bound in aggrecan from calf articular cartilage, where CS-A is assumed to be the major type of GAG, produed a similar gagCEST effect as that observed for free CS-A. The effect was also similar for aggregated (ie, bound to hyaluronic acid) and nonaggregated aggrecan. In conclusion, our results indicate that the aggrecan structure in itself does not impact the gagCEST effect, but that the effect is strongly dependent on GAG type. In phantoms, the current implementation of gagCEST is sensitive to CS-A while for CS-C, the main GAG component in mature human articular cartilage, the sensitivity is limited. This difference in gagCEST sensitivity between GAG types detected in phantoms is a strong motivation to also explore the possibility of a similar effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Einarsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Peterson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Radiation Physics, Department of Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Xiang Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda Knutsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif E Dahlberg
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - André Struglics
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Svensson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Juras V, Mlynarik V, Szomolanyi P, Valkovič L, Trattnig S. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System at 7T: Morphological Imaging and Beyond. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 28:125-135. [PMID: 30951006 PMCID: PMC6565434 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, a whole-body 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device was given regulatory approval for clinical use in both the EU and United States for neuro and musculoskeletal applications. As 7 Tesla allows for higher signal-to-noise , which results in higher resolution images than those obtained on lower-field-strength scanners, it has attracted considerable attention from the musculoskeletal field, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications in the last decade. Besides morphological imaging, the quantitative MR methods, such as T2, T2∗, T1ρ mapping, sodium imaging, chemical-exchange saturation transfer, and spectroscopy, substantially benefit from ultrahigh field scanning. In this review, we provide technical considerations for the individual techniques and an overview of (mostly) clinical applications for the assessment of cartilage, tendon, meniscus, and muscle. The first part of the review is dedicated to morphological applications at 7T, and the second part describes the most recent developments in quantitative MRI at 7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Juras
- High-field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurements Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Mlynarik
- High-field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Society, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Pavol Szomolanyi
- High-field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurements Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Valkovič
- High-field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurements Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High-field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Dou W, Lin CYE, Ding H, Shen Y, Dou C, Qian L, Wen B, Wu B. Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging and its main and potential applications in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1747-1766. [PMID: 31728316 PMCID: PMC6828581 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a novel contrast mechanism, relying on the exchange between mobile protons in amide (-NH), amine (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups and bulk water. Due to the targeted protons present in endogenous molecules or exogenous compounds applied externally, CEST imaging can respectively, generate endogenous or exogenous contrast. Nowadays, CEST imaging for endogenous contrast has been explored in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Amide CEST, also called amide proton transfer weighted (APT) imaging, generates CEST effect at 3.5 ppm away from the water signal and has been widely investigated. Given the sensitivity to amide proton concentration and pH level, APT imaging has shown robust performance in the assessment of ischemia, brain tumors, breast and prostate cancer as well as neurodegenerative diseases. With advanced methods proposed, pure APT and Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) mediated CEST effects were separately fitted from original APT signal. Using both effects, early but promising results were obtained for glioma patients in the evaluation of tumor response to therapy and patient survival. Compared to amide CEST, amine CEST is also mobile proton concentration and pH dependent, but has a faster exchange rate between amine protons and water. The resultant CEST effect is usually introduced at 1.8-3 ppm. Glutamate and creatine, as two main metabolites with amine groups for CEST imaging, have been applied to quantitatively assess diseases in the central nervous system and muscle system, respectively. Glycosaminoglycan (Gag) as a representative metabolite with hydroxyl groups has also been measured to evaluate the cartilage of knee or intervertebral discs in CEST MRI. Due to limited frequency difference between hydroxyl protons and water, 7T for better spectral separation is preferred over 3T for GagCEST measurement. The applications of CEST MRI with exogenous contrast agents are still quite limited in clinic. While certain diamagnetic CEST agents, such as dynamic-glucose, have been tried in human for brain tumor or neck cancer assessment, most exogenous agents, i.e., paramagnetic CEST agents, are still tested in the pre-clinical stage, mainly due to potential toxicity. Engineered tissues for tissue regeneration and drug delivery have also shown a great potential in CEST imaging, as many of them, such as hydrogel and polyamide materials, contain mobile protons or can be incorporated with CEST specific chemical compounds. These engineered tissues can thus generate CEST effect in vivo, allowing a possibility to understand the fate of them in vivo longitudinally. Although the CEST MRI with engineered tissues has only been established in early stage, the obtained first evidence is crucial for further optimizing these biomaterials and finally accomplishing the translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Dou
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 100076, China
| | | | - Hongyuan Ding
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yong Shen
- MR Enhanced Application, GE Healthcare, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Carol Dou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Long Qian
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Baohong Wen
- Department of MRI, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bing Wu
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing 100076, China
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7
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Nykänen O, Sarin JK, Ketola JH, Leskinen H, Te Moller NCR, Tiitu V, Mancini IAD, Visser J, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Malda J, Töyräs J, Nissi MJ. T2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis: assessment of mechanical and structural properties of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1481-1490. [PMID: 31276818 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and T2* relaxation time mapping to determine mechanical and structural properties of articular cartilage via univariate and multivariate analysis. METHODS Samples were obtained from a cartilage repair study, in which surgically induced full-thickness chondral defects in the stifle joints of seven Shetland ponies caused post-traumatic osteoarthritis (14 samples). Control samples were collected from non-operated joints of three animals (6 samples). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 9.4 T, using a 3-D multi-echo gradient echo sequence. Biomechanical testing, digital densitometry (DD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized as reference methods. To compare MRI parameters with reference parameters (equilibrium and dynamic moduli, proteoglycan content, collagen fiber angle and -anisotropy), depth-wise profiles of MRI parameters were acquired at the biomechanical testing locations. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Spearman's rank correlation were utilized in data analysis. RESULTS PLSR indicated a moderate-to-strong correlation (ρ = 0.49-0.66) and a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.41-0.55) between the reference values and T2* relaxation time and QSM profiles, respectively (excluding superficial-only results). PLSR correlations were noticeably higher than direct correlations between bulk MRI and reference parameters. 3-D parametric surface maps revealed spatial variations in the MRI parameters between experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION Quantitative parameters from 3-D multi-echo gradient echo MRI can be utilized to predict the properties of articular cartilage. With PLSR, especially the T2* relaxation time profile appeared to correlate with the properties of cartilage. Furthermore, the results suggest that degeneration affects the QSM-contrast in the cartilage. However, this change in contrast is not easy to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J K Sarin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J H Ketola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - H Leskinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - N C R Te Moller
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - V Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - I A D Mancini
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Visser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H Brommer
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - M J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Martín Noguerol T, Raya JG, Wessell DE, Vilanova JC, Rossi I, Luna A. Functional MRI for evaluation of hyaline cartilage extracelullar matrix, a physiopathological-based approach. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190443. [PMID: 31433668 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI of articular cartilage (AC) integrity has potential to become a biomarker for osteoarthritis progression. Traditional MRI sequences evaluate AC morphology, allowing for the measurement of thickness and its change over time. In the last two decades, more advanced, dedicated MRI cartilage sequences have been developed aiming to assess AC matrix composition non-invasively and detect early changes in cartilage not captured on morphological sequences. T2-mapping and T1ρ sequences can be used to estimate the relaxation times of water inside the AC. These sequences have been introduced into clinical protocols and show promising results for cartilage assessment. Extracelullar matrix can also be assessed using diffusion-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging as the movement of water is limited by the presence of extracellular matrix in AC. Specific techniques for glycosaminoglycans (GAG) evaluation, such as delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage or Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer imaging of GAG, as well as sodium imaging have also shown utility in the detection of AC damage. This manuscript provides an educational update on the physical principles behind advanced AC MRI techniques as well as a comprehensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Current clinical applications and potential future applications of these techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose G Raya
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | | | - Joan C Vilanova
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona. Institute Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Luna
- MRI unit, Radiology department, Health Time, Jaén, Spain
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9
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Trattnig S, Raudner M, Schreiner M, Roemer F, Bohndorf K. [Biochemical cartilage imaging-update 2019]. Radiologe 2019; 59:742-749. [PMID: 31187160 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-019-0558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for early detection of cartilage damage. Biochemical MR methods to assess cartilage damage are essential for optimal treatment planning. PURPOSE The aim of this review is to provide an update on advanced cartilage imaging based on biochemical MR techniques. The clinical applications and additional benefits compared to conventional MRI are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search of PubMed regarding the clinical applications of various biochemical MR methods and morphological MR imaging was performed. RESULTS While T2 mapping can be easily implemented on clinical routine MR scanners, the T1rho method is technically more demanding and is not available on all MR scanners. dGEMRIC, which can be performed with all field strengths, is now severely restricted due to the recent decision of the European Medical Agency (EMA) to withdraw linear gadolinium contrast agents from the market because of proven gadolinium deposition in the brain. Sodium imaging is the most sensitive MRI method for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), but is limited to 7 T. In addition to early diagnosis of cartilage degeneration before morphological changes are visible, biochemical MRI offers predictive markers, e.g., effect of lifestyle changes or assessing results of cartilage repair surgery. CONCLUSION Cartilage imaging based on biochemical MRI allows a shift from qualitative to quantitative MRI. Biochemical MRI plays an increasingly important role in the early diagnosis of cartilage degeneration for monitoring of disease-modifying drugs and as predictive imaging biomarker in clinical diagnostics. In cartilage repair, monitoring of the efficacy of different cartilage repair surgery techniques to develop hyaline-like cartilage can be performed with biochemical MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trattnig
- Exzellenzzentrum für Hochfeld MR, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
| | - M Raudner
- Exzellenzzentrum für Hochfeld MR, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - M Schreiner
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - F Roemer
- Radiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Maximiliansplatz 3, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - K Bohndorf
- Exzellenzzentrum für Hochfeld MR, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Wien, Österreich
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10
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Peterson P, Olsson E, Svensson J. T
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relaxation time bias in gagCEST at 3T and 7T: comparison of saturation schemes. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:1044-1051. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Peterson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine Lund University Sweden
- Radiation Physics Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Emma Olsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine Lund University Sweden
| | - Jonas Svensson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Department of Translational Medicine Lund University Sweden
- Medical Imaging and Physiology Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
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Windschuh J, Zaiss M, Ehses P, Lee JS, Jerschow A, Regatte RR. Assessment of frequency drift on CEST MRI and dynamic correction: application to gagCEST at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:573-582. [PMID: 29851141 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of a frequency drift of the static magnetic field on 3D CEST MRI based on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of articular cartilage at 7 T and to introduce a retrospective correction method that uses the phase images of the gradient-echo readout. METHODS Repeated gagCEST and B0 measurements were performed in a glucose model solution and in vivo in the knee joint of 3 healthy volunteers at 7 T. Phase images of the modified 3D rectangular spiral centric-reordered gradient-echo CEST sequence were used to quantify and compensate the apparent frequency drift in repeated gagCEST measurements. RESULTS The frequency drift of the MRI scanner strongly influences the gagCEST signal in the articular cartilage of the human knee joint. The gagCEST signal in the articular cartilage is changed by 0.18%/Hz while an average drift of 0.7 ± 0.2 Hz/minute was observed. The proposed correction method can be applied retrospectively without the need of additional measurements and provides improved comparability and reproducibility for gagCEST studies. This correction method may also be of interest for other applications of CEST MRI. CONCLUSION Prospective or retrospective correction of the frequency drift of the MRI scanner is essential for reproducible gagCEST measurements. The proposed retrospective correction method fulfills this requirement without the need of additional measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Windschuh
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, New York
| | - Moritz Zaiss
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ehses
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of MR Physics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, New York.,New York University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- New York University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York
| | - Ravinder R Regatte
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York, New York
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12
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Nykänen O, Rieppo L, Töyräs J, Kolehmainen V, Saarakkala S, Shmueli K, Nissi MJ. Quantitative susceptibility mapping of articular cartilage: Ex vivo findings at multiple orientations and following different degradation treatments. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2702-2716. [PMID: 29687923 PMCID: PMC6220965 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the feasibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) for assessing degradation of articular cartilage by measuring ex vivo bovine cartilage samples subjected to different degradative treatments. Specimens were scanned at several orientations to study if degradation affects the susceptibility anisotropy. T2*‐mapping, histological stainings, and polarized light microscopy were used as reference methods. Additionally, simulations of susceptibility in layered geometry were performed. Methods Samples (n = 9) were harvested from the patellae of skeletally mature bovines. Three specimens served as controls, and the rest were artificially degraded. MRI was performed at 9.4T using a 3D gradient echo sequence. QSM and T2* images and depth profiles through the centers of the samples were compared with each other and the histological findings. A planar isotropic model with depth‐wise susceptibility variation was used in the simulations. Results A strong diamagnetic contrast was seen in the deep and calcified layers of cartilage, while T2* maps reflected the typical trilaminar structure of the collagen network. Anisotropy of susceptibility in cartilage was observed and was found to differ from the T2* anisotropy. Slight changes were observed in QSM and T2* following the degradative treatments. In simulations, anisotropy was observed. Conclusions The results suggest that QSM is not sensitive to cartilage proteoglycan content, but shows sensitivity to the amount of calcification and to the integrity of the collagen network, providing potential for assessing osteoarthritis. The simulations suggested that the anisotropy of susceptibility might be partially explained by the layered geometry of susceptibility in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Kolehmainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karin Shmueli
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Detection of early cartilage damage: feasibility and potential of gagCEST imaging at 7T. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:2874-2881. [PMID: 29383528 PMCID: PMC5986839 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose was to implement a fast 3D glycosaminoglycan Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (gagCEST) sequence at 7 T, test stability and reproducibility in cartilage in the knee in healthy volunteers, and evaluate clinical applicability in cartilage repair patients. Methods Experiments were carried out on a 7-T scanner using a volume transmit coil and a 32-channel receiver wrap-around knee coil. The 3D gagCEST measurement had an acquisition time of 7 min. Signal stability and reproducibility of the GAG effect were assessed in eight healthy volunteers. Clinical applicability of the method was demonstrated in five patients before cartilage repair surgery. Results Coefficient of variation of the gagCEST signal was 1.9%. The reproducibility of the GAG effect measurements was good in the medial condyle (ICC = 0.87) and excellent in the lateral condyle (ICC = 0.97). GAG effect measurements in healthy cartilage ranged from 2.6%-12.4% compared with 1.3%-5.1% in damaged cartilage. Difference in GAG measurement between healthy cartilage and damaged cartilage was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions A fast 3D gagCEST sequence was applied at 7 T for use in cartilage in the knee, acquired within a clinically feasible scan time of 7 min. We demonstrated that the method has high stability, reproducibility and clinical applicability. Key Points • gagCEST measurements are stable and reproducible • A non-invasive GAG measurement with gagCEST can be acquired in 7 min • gagCEST is able to discriminate between healthy and damaged cartilage Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-017-5277-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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14
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Jones KM, Pollard AC, Pagel MD. Clinical applications of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:11-27. [PMID: 28792646 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed and employed in multiple clinical imaging research centers worldwide. Selective radiofrequency (RF) saturation pulses with standard 2D and 3D MRI acquisition schemes are now routinely performed, and CEST MRI can produce semiquantitative results using magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym ) analysis while accounting for B0 inhomogeneity. Faster clinical CEST MRI acquisition methods and more quantitative acquisition and analysis routines are under development. Endogenous biomolecules with amide, amine, and hydroxyl groups have been detected during clinical CEST MRI studies, and exogenous CEST agents have also been administered to patients. These CEST MRI tools show promise for contributing to assessments of cerebral ischemia, neurological disorders, lymphedema, osteoarthritis, muscle physiology, and solid tumors. This review summarizes the salient features of clinical CEST MRI protocols and critically evaluates the utility of CEST MRI for these clinical imaging applications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:11-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Ji Y, Zhou IY, Qiu B, Sun PZ. Progress toward quantitative in vivo chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Iris Yuwen Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Rm 2301, 149 13 Street Charlestown MA 02129
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Niendorf T, Barth M, Kober F, Trattnig S. From ultrahigh to extreme field magnetic resonance: where physics, biology and medicine meet. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 29:309-11. [PMID: 27221262 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Barth
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Building 57, Research Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Kober
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7339, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Fouré A. New Imaging Methods for Non-invasive Assessment of Mechanical, Structural, and Biochemical Properties of Human Achilles Tendon: A Mini Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:324. [PMID: 27512376 PMCID: PMC4961896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of tendon play a fundamental role to passively transmit forces from muscle to bone, withstand sudden stretches, and act as a mechanical buffer allowing the muscle to work more efficiently. The use of non-invasive imaging methods for the assessment of human tendon's mechanical, structural, and biochemical properties in vivo is relatively young in sports medicine, clinical practice, and basic science. Non-invasive assessment of the tendon properties may enhance the diagnosis of tendon injury and the characterization of recovery treatments. While ultrasonographic imaging is the most popular tool to assess the tendon's structural and indirectly, mechanical properties, ultrasonographic elastography, and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF MRI) have recently emerged as potentially powerful techniques to explore tendon tissues. This paper highlights some methodological cautions associated with conventional ultrasonography and perspectives for in vivo human Achilles tendon assessment using ultrasonographic elastography and UHF MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale CRMBM UMR 7339 Marseille, France
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