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Wang A, Liu K, Tian M, Yang L. Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Underivatized Amino Acid Enantiomers with a Porous Layer-Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Chiral Column. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9252-9260. [PMID: 35713648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By developing a novel chiral column, we integrate open tubular capillary electrochromatography into sheathless mass spectrometry (MS) for efficient analysis of underivatized amino acid enantiomers. The chiral column is easily fabricated by modifying the inner surface of a capillary with a three-dimensional porous layer (PL, thickness ∼ 90 nm, pore size ∼ 30 nm) and gold nanoparticles and by introducing a chiral selector, thiol β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD), onto the modified surface via Au-S bonds. This approach greatly enhances the specific surface area and thus the ratio of the stationary phase to mobile phase and interaction between the stationary phase and analytes. The proposed PLOT@Au@CD column is coupled to the sheathless CE-ESI-MS system for chiral analysis of amino acid enantiomers. No derivatization of amino acids is required for chiral analysis, and baseline separation of a total of 15 pairs of amino acid enantiomers is achieved within 17 min with high column efficiencies of 5.60 × 104 to 1.82 × 106 N/m, high resolutions of 1.51-10.0, and low limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.09 μg/mL. The separation efficiency and MS intensity are only slightly decreased over 60 runs or after usage for 15 days, showing excellent repeatability and stability of the PLOT@Au@CD column. The proposed method is successfully applied to the determination of amino acid enantiomers in vinegar samples with satisfactory accuracy. Our study provides a new approach for developing a chiral stationary phase in the chromatographic separation technique, which can be easily coupled to sensitive MS detection, thus it would be of value for various applications in the fields of chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China.,Hangzhou Puyu Technology Development Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Institute of Chemical and Industrial Bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, 3050 Kaixuan Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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2
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Evaluation of a composite nanomaterial consist of gold nanoparticles and graphene-carbon nitride as capillary electrochromatography stationary phase for enantioseparation. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Fang L, Zhao Y, Wang C, Wang C, Han X, Chen P, Zhao L, Wang J, Li S, Jiang Z. Preparation of a thiols β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles-coated open tubular column for capillary electrochromatography enantioseparations. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2209-2216. [PMID: 32160391 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the distinct chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles, here a novel open-tubular capillary electrochromatography column was prepared by electrostatic assembly of poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) onto the inner surface of a fused-silica capillary, followed by self-adsorption of negatively charged SH-β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles. The formation of the SH-β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles coated capillary was confirmed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry studies indicated that SH-β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles were successfully coated on the inner wall of the capillary column. The performance of the SH-β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles coated capillary was validated by the analysis of six pairs of chiral drugs, namely zopiclone, carvedilol, salbutamol, terbutaline sulfate, phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, and ibuprofen. Satisfactory enantioseparation results were achieved, confirming the use of gold nanoparticles as the support could enhance the phase ratio of the open-tubular capillary column. Additionally, the stability and reproducibility of the SH-β-cyclodextrin/gold nanoparticles coated capillary column were also investigated. Then, this proposed method was well validated with good linearity (≥0.999), recovery (90.0-93.5%) and repeatability, and was successfully used for enantioseparation of ibuprofen in spiked plasma samples, which indicated the new column's potential usage in biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Pengjun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lizhu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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4
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Gold nanoparticles coated with a tetramethylammonium lactobionate ionic liquid for enhanced chiral differentiation in open tubular capillary electrochromatography: application to enantioseparation of β-blockers. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:170. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Ahmed MA, Felisilda BMB, Quirino JP. Recent advancements in open-tubular liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography during 2014-2018. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:20-34. [PMID: 31623713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review critically discusses the developments on open-tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) during 2014-2018. An appropriate Scopus search revealed 5 reviews, 4 theoretical papers on open-tubular format chromatography, 29 OT-LC articles, 68 OT-CEC articles and 4 OT-LC/OT-CEC articles, indicating a sustained interest in these areas. The open-tubular format typically uses a capillary column with inner walls that are coated with an ample layer or coating of solid stationary phase material. The ratio between the capillary internal diameter and coating thickness (CID/CT) is ideally ≤ 100 for appropriate chromatographic retention. We, therefore, approximated the CID/CT ratios and found that 22 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratios ≤100. The other 7 OT-LC papers have CID/CT ratio >100 but have clearly demonstrated chromatographic retention. These 29 papers utilised reversed phase or ion exchange mechanisms using known or innovative solid stationary phase materials (e.g. metal organic frameworks), stationary pseudophases from ionic surfactants or porous supports. On the other hand, we found that 68 OT-CEC papers, 7 OT-LC papers and 4 OT-LC & OT-CEC papers have CID/CT ratios >100. Notably, 44 papers (42 OT-CEC and 2 OT-LC & OT-CEC) did not report the retention factor and/or effective electrophoretic mobility of analytes. Considering all covered papers, the most popular activity was on the development of new chromatographic materials as coatings. However, we encourage OT-CEC researchers to not only characterise changes in the electroosmotic flow but also verify the interaction of the analytes with the coating. In addition, the articles reported were largely driven by stationary phase or support development and not by practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adel Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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6
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Kitte SA, Fereja TH, Halawa MI, Lou B, Li H, Xu G. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2050-2057. [PMID: 31062878 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review gives a summary of applications of different nanomateials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon-based nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and nano-sized metal organic frameworks (MOFs), in electrophoretic separations. This review also emphasizes the recent works in which nanoparticles (NPs) are used as pseudostationary phase (PSP) or immobilized on the capillary surface for enhancement of separation in CE, CEC, and microchips electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles Addisu Kitte
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Tadesse Haile Fereja
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Baohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, P. R. China
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7
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Gan T, Wang Z, Chen M, Fu W, Wang H, Sun J. Preparation of yolk–shell structured Ag@Cu particles and their application in high performance electrochemical sensing of p-aminobenzoic acid. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the Ag@Cu particles with yolk–shell nanostructure was prepared by facile solvothermal method, which was modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate electrochemical sensor for the convenient and fast determination of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared Ag@Cu nanocomposite modified electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, chronocoulometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Further, the electrochemical sensing of PABA was performed on the Ag@Cu/GCE using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, showing high catalytic activity. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and low detection limit of 0.315 μmol/L for PABA. The developed sensor was also successfully applied for PABA detection in anesthetic and cosmetics with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
- Culinary Science Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China
| | - Zhikai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Mengru Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Wanqiu Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Junyong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains & Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
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8
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. CE and nanomaterials - Part II: Nanomaterials in CE. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2405-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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9
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Varela-Martínez DA, Socas-Rodríguez B, Hernández-Borges J. Recent applications of nanomaterials in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2431-2446. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Angélica Varela-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad EAN; Bogotá D.C. Colombia
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
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10
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Ohta H, Włodarczyk E, Piaskowski K, Kaleniecka A, Lewandowska L, Baran MJ, Wojnicz M, Jinno K, Saito Y, Zarzycki PK. Unexpected differences between planar and column liquid chromatographic retention of 1-acenaphthenol enantiomers controlled by supramolecular interactions involving β-cyclodextrin at subambient temperatures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3695-3706. [PMID: 28341988 PMCID: PMC5406416 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of experimental work focusing on host-guest supramolecular complex creation between macrocyclic compound (β-cyclodextrin) and 1-acenaphthenol enantiomers (racemic mixture) in liquid phase composed of 35% acetonitrile in water (v/v) at different temperatures ranging from 0 to 90 °C. Experimental setup involved several analytical protocols based on classical non-forced flow planar chromatography (RP-18 TLC plates), micro-TLC (RP-18 W HPTLC plates), column chromatography (HPLC with C-18 and C-30 stationary phases), as well as UV-Vis spectrophotometry and optical microscopy. It has been found that under various planar chromatographic conditions (stationary plates type, chamber shape and volume, development mode, and saturation) non-typical retention properties (extremely high retention) of 1-acenaphthenol at subambient temperatures can be observed. To our knowledge, reported experimental results are in opposition to currently described retention models based on column chromatographic investigation of host-guest complexes (where in case of strong interaction of given analyte with macrocyclic mobile phases additive, which itself is non strongly retarded by stationary phase-close to the retention of dead volume marker, the retention of target compounds is shortened at low temperatures). To explain this TLC phenomenon that may have in our opinion a number of practical applications, especially for selective high throughput separation involving microchromatographic and/or microfluidic devices as well fractionation and extraction protocols (using, e.g., bar extraction systems), several experiments were conducted focusing on (i) acenaphthenol chromatography under different instrumental conditions, (ii) cyclodextrin retention measured as analyte or mobile phase additive, (iii) plate development time under different mobile phases and temperature settings, (iv) various column chromatographic conditions including C-30 and two C-18 stationary phases, (v) UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and (vi) microscopy inspection of precipitated CD-acenaphthenol crystals. Analysis of collected data has revealed that the most probable reasons for TLC retention behavior of 1-acenaphthenol under β-cyclodextrin additive conditions can be associated with (i) solubility changes of created host-guest complex, (ii) kinetics of solid complex precipitation, and (iii) differences in analysis time between planar and column chromatography. Because precipitation phenomenon may have a massive impact on analytes quantification involving macrocycles as the mobile phase additives, our previously reported data concerning a number of low-molecular compounds (mainly steroids and non steroidal endocrine disrupting chemicals) using HPLC methodology based on binary mobile phases without and with β-cyclodextrin and its hydroxypropyl derivative were re-examined and results discussed. Considering these data and the whole data set reported presently, the enhanced model of chromatographic retention driven by host-guest interaction was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuichi Ohta
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Elżbieta Włodarczyk
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Piaskowski
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kaleniecka
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Lucyna Lewandowska
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Michał J Baran
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Wojnicz
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Kiyokatsu Jinno
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Saito
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Paweł K Zarzycki
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453, Koszalin, Poland.
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Tarongoy FM, Haddad PR, Boysen RI, Hearn MTW, Quirino JP. Open tubular-capillary electrochromatography: Developments and applications from 2013 to 2015. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:66-85. [PMID: 26497640 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular CEC (OT-CEC) separates analyte mixtures by a combination of electrophoretic, electro-osmotic, and/or chromatographic effects. OT-CEC research is an active and growing field, with studies encompassing a wide range of investigations related to new strategies for chemical modification of the inner surface of the capillary, leading to the introduction of novel stationary phase coatings. This review has examined the literature on OT-CEC from 2013 to August 2015 and highlights the developments in the fabrication of highly selective stationary phases, based on materials that include cyclodextrin chiral selectors, graphene and graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanoparticles, nanolatex particles, nanocomposites, in situ generated polymers, block polymers, tentacle-type polymers, polyelectrolyte multilayers, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and proteins. This review, while considering the development of novel OT-CEC coating materials, specifically examines different immobilization or coating methodologies and approaches and also discusses the separation mechanisms that occur with these new materials. These OT-CEC coatings are intended mainly to separate low molecular weight molecules relevant to the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries as well as for use in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino M Tarongoy
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Reinhard I Boysen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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