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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Cao X, Liu M, Peng Y. Machine learning for predicting retention times of chiral analytes chromatographically separated by CMPA technique. J Chromatogr A 2025; 1749:465896. [PMID: 40147253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2025.465896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/22/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA) technique is an attractive method for chromatographic enantioseparation of chiral analytes. However, establishing chromatographic separation and analysis methods for given chiral analytes often requires extensive trial-and-error experiments, leading to time-consuming processes with high experimental costs. To address this challenge, machine learning (ML) was employed for the prediction of retention times of R and S-analytes to facilitate chromatographic enantioseparation. In this study, the enantiomeric retention times of chiral analytes enantioseparated by HPLC using cyclodextrin derivatives as CMPA were recorded, and the molecular descriptors of both the chiral analytes and the CMPA were calculated. Subsequently, several algorithms were employed for model development, with the coefficient of determination (R2) serving as the metric to assess the precision of these models. The findings indicate that the CatBoost model works well in predicting retention times and separability of chiral analytes. This study provides a rapid and efficient method to facilitate the development of CMPA technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, PR China.
| | - He Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hunan Diantou Education Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410221, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Cao
- Hunan Diantou Education Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410221, Hunan, PR China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Hunan Diantou Education Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410221, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yingzi Peng
- Hunan Diantou Education Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410221, Hunan, PR China.
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2
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Zhang S, Ee KH, Goh RMV, Huang Y, Pua A, Jublot L, Li L, Liu SQ, Yu B. A two-dimensional liquid chromatography approach for simultaneous separation and quantification of structural and chiral amino acids in oolong tea. Food Chem 2025; 472:142846. [PMID: 39827564 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.142846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 12/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Oolong tea contains diverse isomers, such as amino acids. D-amino acids, compared with their L-enantiomers, exhibit distinct properties, influencing both the flavor and bioactivity of the tea. However, the analysis of these isomers remains challenging, especially the simultaneous determination of structural and chiral isomers. This study introduced a stepwise two-dimensional liquid chromatography heart-cut (LC-LC) method for improving resolution, followed by exploration of selective comprehensive (sLC × LC) for precise quantification by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF/MS), demonstrated using D/L-Leu and D/L-Ile. LC-LC improved the resolution of L-Leu and L-Ile isomers from 0.5 to 1.5, while sLC × LC further improved the precision and robustness using optimized loop filling. D/L-Leu and D/L-Ile were successfully quantified, ranging from 0.08 μg/g for D-Ile and 22.34 μg/g for L-Leu with RSD% below 5 %. This study demonstrated the potential of sLC × LC in addressing complex isomer challenges in food analysis, enabling deeper insights into food composition and authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbo Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore
| | - Kim Huey Ee
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Rui Min Vivian Goh
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yunle Huang
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Aileen Pua
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Lionel Jublot
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Lingyi Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Bin Yu
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, 138623, Singapore.
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Li Z, Tang Z, Cao J, Yao X, Chen J, Xu K, Sun R, Shao X, Lv M, Wang L. Cyano-modified molecular cage silica gel stationary phase: Multi-functional chromatographic performance by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1737:465441. [PMID: 39427509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
This study successfully prepared different loading levels of cyano-functionalized RCC3 molecular cage silica gel stationary phase (RCC3-CN@SiO2) through aldehyde-amine condensation reaction and subsequent modification strategies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of RCC3-CN@SiO2 chromatographic stationary phase. The research demonstrates that due to hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and size-selective porous structure, the stationary phase effectively separates moderately polar and weakly polar compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode, exhibiting hydrophobic selectivity comparable to the commercial DaisoC18-RP columns. Additionally, the tertiary amine and cyanogen groups on the molecular cage surface enhance the interaction with polar compounds, successfully separating nucleosides, sulfonamides, amino acids, and sugars in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode. Further applications in the separation analysis of acidic drugs, alkaline drugs, cinnamic acid natural products, and chiral compounds demonstrate the multifunctional chromatographic capabilities for diverse compound types. Compared to Unitary Diol commercial columns, the prepared stationary phase showed significant advantages in wide polarity range separation performance. Moreover, through nucleoside compound separation mode switching analysis, RCC3-CN@SiO2 stationary phase further validates its favorable performance in both RPLC and HILIC modes, demonstrating extensive potential applications in the field of analytical chemistry. Importantly, the stationary phase exhibits efficient separation of nucleoside compounds in pure water systems, aligning with the principles of green analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Zixia Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Junxiang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Xingyu Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Kang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China
| | - Mei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China.
| | - Litao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, PR China.
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Liu X, Zhou L, Xie J, Zhang J, Chen Z, Xiao J, Cao Y, Xiao H. Astaxanthin Isomers: A Comprehensive Review of Isomerization Methods and Analytic Techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19920-19934. [PMID: 37924299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of multiple conjugated double bonds and chiral carbon atoms endows astaxanthin with geometric and optical isomers, and these isomers widely exist in biological sources, food processing, and in vivo absorption. However, there remains no systematic summary of astaxanthin isomers regarding isomerization methods and analytic techniques. To address this need, this Review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of Z-isomerization methods of astaxanthin, including solvent system, catalyst, and heat treatment. Comparatively, high-efficiency and health-friendly methods are more conducive to put into practical use, such as food-grade solvents and food-component catalysts. In addition, we outline the recent advances in analysis techniques of astaxanthin isomers, as well as the structural characteristics reflected by various methods (e.g., HPLC, NMR, FTIR, and RS). Furthermore, we summarized the related research on the safety evaluation of astaxanthin isomers. Finally, future trends and barriers in Z-transformation and analysis of astaxanthin isomers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Lesong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Junting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhiqing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Lin Z, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Shackman JG. Trapping mode two-dimensional liquid chromatography for quantitative low-level impurity enrichment in pharmaceutical development. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464043. [PMID: 37172541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Trapping mode two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has recently found applications in pharmaceutical analysis to clean, refocus, and enrich analytes. Given its enrichment capability, 2D-LC with multiple trappings is appealing for low-level impurity monitoring that cannot be solved by single dimensional LC (1D-LC) or unenriched 2D-LC analysis. However, the quantitative features of multi-trapping 2D-LC remain largely unknown at impurity levels from parts-per-million (ppm) to 0.15% (w/w). We present a simple heart-cutting trapping mode 2D-LC workflow using only common components and software found in typical off-the-shelf 1D-LC instruments. This robust, turn-key system's quantitative capabilities were evaluated using a variety of standard markers, demonstrating linear enrichment for up to 20 trapping cycles and achieving a recovery of over 97.0%. Next, the trapping system was applied to several real-world low-level impurity pharmaceutical case studies including (1) the identification of two unknown impurities at sub-ppm levels resulting in material discoloration, (2) the discovery of a new impurity at 0.05% (w/w) co-eluted with a known impurity, making the undesired summation above the target specification, and (3) the quantification of a potential mutagenic impurity at 10-ppm level in a poorly soluble substrate. The recovery in all studies was better than 97.0% with RSD lower than 3.0%, demonstrating accuracy and precision of the 2D-LC trapping workflow. As no specialized equipment or software is required, we envision that the system could be used to develop low-impurity monitoring methods suitable for validation and potential execution in quality-control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jonathan G Shackman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Analysis of 17-Hydroxygeranyllinalool Diterpene Glycosides in Nicotiana tabacum by Using Heart-Cutting 2D-LC Coupled with Tandem MS Technique. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic method (Chiral × Achiral) for the simultaneous resolution of pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ikai T, Okuda S, Yashima E. Macromolecular helicity induction and static helicity memory of poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing aromatic pendant groups and their use as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. Chirality 2021; 34:306-316. [PMID: 34839544 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel poly(biphenylylacetylene)s (PBPAs) bearing achiral alkylphenyl groups at the 4'-position of the biphenyl pendant through ester linkers with different sequences were synthesized by the rhodium-catalyzed polymerization of the corresponding monomers. The influence of the alkylphenyl pendants and the ester sequences on the macromolecular helicity induction and subsequent static helicity memory was investigated. In addition, the chiral recognition ability as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography of the helicity-memorized PBPAs was also examined. Both polymers formed almost perfect right- and left-handed helical conformations through noncovalent chiral interactions with enantiomeric alcohols, and their induced macromolecular helicities were completely retained ("memorized") after removal of the helix inducer. A PBPA bearing a 4-n-butylphenoxycarbonyl pendant group with a static helicity memory showed a remarkably high chiral recognition ability toward a wide variety of chiral aromatics, including simple point chiral compounds, axially chiral biaryls, a chiral spiro compound, helicenes, and planar chiral cyclophanes, particularly under the reversed-phase conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Okuda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric Separation and Determination: Functionalization of Chiral Selector and Recognition of Selector-Selectand Interaction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175241. [PMID: 34500675 PMCID: PMC8434329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review draws attention to the use of chiral monolithic silica HPLC columns for the enantiomeric separation and determination of chiral compounds. Properties and advantages of monolithic silica HPLC columns are also highlighted in comparison to conventional particle-packed, fused-core, and sub-2-µm HPLC columns. Nano-LC capillary monolithic silica columns as well as polymeric-based and hybrid-based monolithic columns are also demonstrated to show good enantioresolution abilities. Methods for introducing the chiral selector into the monolithic silica column in the form of mobile phase additive, by encapsulation and surface coating, or by covalent functionalization are described. The application of molecular modeling methods to elucidate the selector–selectand interaction is discussed. An application for enantiomeric impurity determination is also considered.
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