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Bai X, Zhou JJ, Lee CK, Lee VWP, Lai DWL. Personal Competence or Environmental Characteristics? Factors Influencing Happiness among Ageing Adults in Hong Kong Around the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic. J Appl Gerontol 2024:7334648241234995. [PMID: 38412869 DOI: 10.1177/07334648241234995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Drawing upon person-environment fit perspective, this study examines the joint and interactive influences of personal competence and environmental characteristics on the happiness of ageing adults around the period of COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected in two rounds, before and during the pandemic, with 2,028 participants aged 55 years and older in Hong Kong. Personal competence encompassed financial status, physical health, and mental capital, while environmental characteristics included experiences of ageism, perceived social conditions, and age-friendly policies. Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine personal and environmental influences on happiness. Results indicated a significant decline in happiness following the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Mental capital was found to have the strongest positive influence on happiness, followed by physical health, financial status, and social conditions. Mental capital mitigated the negative relationship between experiences of ageism and happiness. Practical interventions are informed to improve the well-being of ageing adults during pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Gerontology and Family Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Jia-Jia Zhou
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Gerontology and Family Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Ko Lee
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Gerontology and Family Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent W P Lee
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, kowloon tong, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel W L Lai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, kowloon tong, Hong Kong
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Attia J, Holliday E, Oldmeadow C. A proposal for capturing interaction and effect modification using DAGs. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:1047-1053. [PMID: 35696125 PMCID: PMC9365632 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Division of Medicine, Hunter New England Health Local Health District (HNELHD), NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Nilsson A, Bonander C, Strömberg U, Björk J. A directed acyclic graph for interactions. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:613-619. [PMID: 33221880 PMCID: PMC8128466 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are of great help when researchers try to understand the nature of causal relationships and the consequences of conditioning on different variables. One fundamental feature of causal relations that has not been incorporated into the standard DAG framework is interaction, i.e. when the effect of one variable (on a chosen scale) depends on the value that another variable is set to. In this paper, we propose a new type of DAG-the interaction DAG (IDAG), which can be used to understand this phenomenon. METHODS The IDAG works like any DAG but instead of including a node for the outcome, it includes a node for a causal effect. We introduce concepts such as confounded interaction and total, direct and indirect interaction, showing that these can be depicted in ways analogous to how similar concepts are depicted in standard DAGs. This also allows for conclusions on which treatment interactions to account for empirically. Moreover, since generalizability can be compromised in the presence of underlying interactions, the framework can be used to illustrate threats to generalizability and to identify variables to account for in order to make results valid for the target population. CONCLUSIONS The IDAG allows for a both intuitive and stringent way of illustrating interactions. It helps to distinguish between causal and non-causal mechanisms behind effect variation. Conclusions about how to empirically estimate interactions can be drawn-as well as conclusions about how to achieve generalizability in contexts where interest lies in estimating an overall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nilsson
- EPI@LUND (Epidemiology, Population Studies and Infrastructures at Lund University), Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Bonander
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Strömberg
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Research and Development, Region Halland, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- EPI@LUND (Epidemiology, Population Studies and Infrastructures at Lund University), Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Schehl B, Leukel J. Associations between individual factors, environmental factors, and outdoor independence in older adults. Eur J Ageing 2020; 17:291-298. [PMID: 32904714 PMCID: PMC7458989 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-020-00553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree to which individuals can accomplish outdoor activity by themselves or require support is an important facet of successful aging. While prior research focuses on participation in outdoor activity, understanding of older adults' outdoor independence is limited. We adopt an ecological approach to examine the role of individual factors and environmental factors in explaining outdoor independence. Our sample comprised older adults aged 65 + living in a medium-sized city in Germany (N = 1070). The results show that being male, younger, and healthier was positively associated with outdoor independence, while living together was not. Further, outdoor independence decreased with higher levels of perceived environmental barriers. This negative association was moderated such that it was stronger for the less healthy and older participants. Based on our empirical findings, we offer insights for policy makers, urban planners, and community groups to design age-friendly communities and consequently facilitate outdoor independence among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schehl
- Institute for Health Care and Public Management, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Schwerzstraße 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joerg Leukel
- Institute for Health Care and Public Management, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Schwerzstraße 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gefenaite G, Björk J, Iwarsson S, Slaug B, Schmidt SM, Nilsson MH. Longitudinal association between housing accessibility and activities of daily living: the role of self-efficacy and control in people ageing with Parkinson's disease. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:181. [PMID: 32450800 PMCID: PMC7249684 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background External housing-related control beliefs (HCB) and general self-efficacy (GSE) influence different health outcomes in the general ageing population, but there is no information of their role in people ageing with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to longitudinally assess the role of external HCB and GSE on the association between housing accessibility and activities of daily living (ADL) among people ageing with PD. Methods Baseline and 3-year follow-up data on 130 community-living participants from the Swedish project ‘Home and Health in People Ageing with PD’ were collected. Assessments addressed housing accessibility, external HCB, GSE, generic ADL and ADL specific to PD. The moderating effects of external HCB and GSE were assessed by including an interaction term in multivariable logistic regression. Results There were statistically significant interactions between housing accessibility and GSE on ADL (p = 0.03), and housing accessibility and external HCB on PD specific ADL (p = 0.03). After stratifying the analyses by GSE, housing accessibility problems led to more dependence and difficulty in ADL in participants with low GSE (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.28). After stratifying by external HCB, housing accessibility increased dependence and difficulty in PD specific ADL in participants with low external HCB (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.03–1.76). Discussion The results suggest that housing accessibility predicts ADL in people with PD with GSE and external HCB playing a moderating role for generic ADL and ADL specific to PD, respectively. Further longitudinal studies should validate these findings and explore their potential application in PD-related care and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Gefenaite
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 157, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Iwarsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 157, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Slaug
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 157, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Steven M Schmidt
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 157, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria H Nilsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 157, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Slaug B, Granbom M, Iwarsson S. An Aging Population and an Aging Housing stock – Housing Accessibility Problems in Typical Swedish Dwellings. JOURNAL OF AGING AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26892618.2020.1743515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Slaug
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne Granbom
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Community-Public Health, Center for Innovative Care in Aging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susanne Iwarsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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