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Wu Q, Zhao J, Guo W. Efficacy of massage therapy in improving outcomes in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 46:101522. [PMID: 34890892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Massage therapy is being used for knee osteoarthritis. However, level-1 evidence is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on the effect of massage therapy on knee osteoarthritis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Springer, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to May 8, 2021 for randomized controlled trials comparing massage with controls for knee osteoarthritis. Review manager was used for a random-effect meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration risk assessment tool and certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS Twelve studies with 737 participants were included. After 1-4 weeks of therapy, there was a significant reduction in pain and stiffness scores in the massage group and after 6-8 weeks of therapy, there was a significant reduction in stiffness and functionality scores. There was no significant difference in outcomes with long-term therapy. A statistically significant reduction in stiffness scores was seen with aromatherapy massage. Aromatherapy massage was not superior to standard massage. The overall quality of evidence according to GRADE was low to moderate for standard massage therapy and very low for aromatherapy. CONCLUSION Massage therapy may lead to some improvement in pain, stiffness, and functionality scores in the short term but not in long term. Aromatherapy massage was not found to be any better than standard massage therapy. Current evidence is limited by methodological heterogeneity amongst trials and small sample size of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Wu
- Department of Nursing, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weili Guo
- Department of Nursing, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.
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Hettinger ZR, Hamagata K, Confides AL, Lawrence MM, Miller BF, Butterfield TA, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Age-Related Susceptibility to Muscle Damage Following Mechanotherapy in Rats Recovering From Disuse Atrophy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:2132-2140. [PMID: 34181006 PMCID: PMC8599051 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to fully recover lost muscle mass following periods of disuse atrophy predisposes older adults to lost independence and poor quality of life. We have previously shown that mechanotherapy at a moderate load (4.5 N) enhances muscle mass recovery following atrophy in adult, but not older adult rats. We propose that elevated transverse stiffness in aged muscle inhibits the growth response to mechanotherapy and hypothesize that a higher load (7.6 N) will overcome this resistance to mechanical stimuli. F344/BN adult and older adult male rats underwent 14 days of hindlimb suspension, followed by 7 days of recovery with (RE + M) or without (RE) mechanotherapy at 7.6 N on gastrocnemius muscle. The 7.6 N load was determined by measuring transverse passive stiffness and linearly scaling up from 4.5 N. No differences in protein turnover or mean fiber cross-sectional area were observed between RE and RE + M for older adult rats or adult rats at 7.6 N. However, there was a higher number of small muscle fibers present in older adult, but not adult rats, which was explained by a 16-fold increase in the frequency of small fibers expressing embryonic myosin heavy chain. Elevated central nucleation, satellite cell abundance, and dystrophin-/laminin+ fibers were present in older adult rats only following 7.6 N, while 4.5 N did not induce damage at either age. We conclude that age is an important variable when considering load used during mechanotherapy and age-related transverse stiffness may predispose older adults to damage during the recovery period following disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Hettinger
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Kyoko Hamagata
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Timothy A Butterfield
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Cheraghbeigi N, Modarresi M, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Comparing the effects of massage and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on sleep quality of cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 35:253-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Everingham JB, Martin PT, Lujan TJ. A Hand-Held Device to Apply Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization at Targeted Compression Forces and Stroke Frequencies. J Med Device 2019; 13:0145041-145045. [PMID: 30662581 PMCID: PMC6298531 DOI: 10.1115/1.4041696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) is a manual therapy technique that is commonly used to treat dysfunctions in ligaments and other musculoskeletal tissues. The objective of this study was to develop a simple hand-held device that helps users accurately apply targeted compressive forces and stroke frequencies during IASTM treatments. This portable device uses a force sensor, tablet computer, and custom software to guide the application of user-specified loading parameters. To measure performance, the device was used to apply a combination of targeted forces and stroke frequencies to foam blocks and silicone pads. Three operators using the device applied targeted forces between 0.3 and 125 N with less than 10% error and applied targeted stroke frequencies between 0.25 and 1.0 Hz with less than 3% error. The mean error in applying targeted forces increased significantly at compressive forces less than 0.2 N and greater than 125 N. For experimental validation, the device was used to apply a series of IASTM treatments over three-weeks to rodents with a ligament injury, and the targeted compressive force and stroke frequency were repeatedly applied with an average error less than 5%. This validated device can be used to investigate the effect of IASTM loading parameters on tissue healing in animal and human studies, and therefore can support the optimization and adoption of IASTM protocols that improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Everingham
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-2085
| | - Peter T Martin
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-2085
| | - Trevor J Lujan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-2085 e-mail:
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Alotaibi AM, Anwar S, Terry Loghmani M, Chien S. Force Sensing for an Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Manipulation Device. J Med Device 2017. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4036654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Instrument-assisted soft tissue manipulation (IASTM) is a form of mechanotherapy, e.g., massage, that uses rigid devices which may be machined or cast. The delivered force, which is a critical parameter during IASTM, is not measured and not standardized in current clinical IASTM practice. In addition to the force, the angle of treatment and stroke frequency play an important role during IASTM. For accurate IASTM treatment, there is a strong need to scientifically characterize the IASTM delivered force, angle of treatment, and stroke frequency. This paper presents a novel, mechatronic design of an IASTM device that can measure the localized pressure on the soft tissue in a clinical treatment. The proposed design uses a three-dimensional (3D) load cell, which can measure all three-dimensional force components simultaneously. The device design was implemented using an IMUduino microcontroller board which provides tool orientation angles. These orientation angles were used for coordinate transformation of the measured forces to the tool–skin interface. Additionally, the measured force value was used to compute the stroke frequency. This mechatronic IASTM tool was validated for force measurements in the direction of tool longitudinal axis using an electronic plate scale that provided the baseline force values to compare with the applied force values measured by the tool. The load cell measurements and the scale readings were found to agree within the expected degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Alotaibi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Sohel Anwar
- Mem. ASME Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 e-mail:
| | - M. Terry Loghmani
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 e-mail:
| | - Stanley Chien
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 e-mail:
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Dias N, Peng Y, Khavari R, Nakib NA, Sweet RM, Timm GW, Erdman AG, Boone TB, Zhang Y. Pelvic floor dynamics during high-impact athletic activities: A computational modeling study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 41:20-27. [PMID: 27886590 PMCID: PMC5519824 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress urinary incontinence is a significant problem in young female athletes, but the pathophysiology remains unclear because of the limited knowledge of the pelvic floor support function and limited capability of currently available assessment tools. The aim of our study is to develop an advanced computer modeling tool to better understand the dynamics of the internal pelvic floor during highly transient athletic activities. METHODS Apelvic model was developed based on high-resolution MRI scans of a healthy nulliparous young female. A jump-landing process was simulated using realistic boundary conditions captured from jumping experiments. Hypothesized alterations of the function of pelvic floor muscles were simulated by weakening or strengthening the levator ani muscle stiffness at different levels. Intra-abdominal pressures and corresponding deformations of pelvic floor structures were monitored at different levels of weakness or enhancement. FINDINGS Results show that pelvic floor deformations generated during a jump-landing process differed greatly from those seen in a Valsalva maneuver which is commonly used for diagnosis in clinic. The urethral mobility was only slightly influenced by the alterations of the levator ani muscle stiffness. Implications for risk factors and treatment strategies were also discussed. INTERPRETATION Results suggest that clinical diagnosis should make allowances for observed differences in pelvic floor deformations between a Valsalva maneuver and a jump-landing process to ensure accuracy. Urethral hypermobility may be a less contributing factor than the intrinsic sphincteric closure system to the incontinence of young female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 360 HBS Building, 4811 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 360 HBS Building, 4811 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Rose Khavari
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, 6565 Fannin St, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030-2703, USA.
| | - Nissrine A Nakib
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 394, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0341, USA.
| | - Robert M Sweet
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 394, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0341, USA.
| | - Gerald W Timm
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 394, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0341, USA.
| | - Arthur G Erdman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0341, USA.
| | - Timothy B Boone
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, 6565 Fannin St, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030-2703, USA.
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 360 HBS Building, 4811 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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Bove GM, Harris MY, Zhao H, Barbe MF. Manual therapy as an effective treatment for fibrosis in a rat model of upper extremity overuse injury. J Neurol Sci 2016; 361:168-80. [PMID: 26810536 PMCID: PMC4729290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Key clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome and other types of cumulative trauma disorders of the hand and wrist include pain and functional disabilities. Mechanistic details remain under investigation but may involve tissue inflammation and/or fibrosis. We examined the effectiveness of modeled manual therapy (MMT) as a treatment for sensorimotor behavior declines and increased fibrogenic processes occurring in forearm tissues of rats performing a high repetition high force (HRHF) reaching and grasping task for 12 weeks. Young adult, female rats were examined: food restricted control rats (FRC, n=12); rats that were trained for 6 weeks before performing the HRHF task for 12 weeks with no treatment (HRHF-CON, n=11); and HRHF task rats received modeled manual therapy (HRHF-MMT, n=5) for 5 days/week for the duration of the 12-week of task. Rats receiving the MMT expressed fewer discomfort-related behaviors, and performed progressively better in the HRHF task. Grip strength, while decreased after training, improved following MMT. Fibrotic nerve and connective tissue changes (increased collagen and TGF-β1 deposition) present in 12-week HRHF-CON rats were significantly decreased in 12-week HRHF-MMT rats. These observations support the investigation of manual therapy as a preventative for repetitive motion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Bove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Michele Y Harris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Biostatistical Consulting Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Peng Y, Khavari R, Nakib NA, Boone TB, Zhang Y. Assessment of urethral support using MRI-derived computational modeling of the female pelvis. Int Urogynecol J 2016; 27:205-12. [PMID: 26224383 PMCID: PMC5519823 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-015-2804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to assess the role of individual anatomical structures and their combinations to urethral support function. METHODS A realistic pelvic model was developed from an asymptomatic female patient's magnetic resonance (MR) images for dynamic biomechanical analysis using the finite element method. Validation was performed by comparing simulation results with dynamic MR imaging observations. Weaknesses of anatomical support structures were simulated by reducing their material stiffness. Urethral mobility was quantified by examining urethral axis excursion from rest to the final state (intra-abdominal pressure = 100 cmH2O). Seven individual support structures and five of their combinations were studied. RESULT Among seven urethral support structures, we found that weakening the vaginal walls, puborectalis muscle, and pubococcygeus muscle generated the top three largest urethral excursion angles. A linear relationship was found between urethral axis excursions and intra-abdominal pressure. Weakening all three levator ani components together caused a larger weakening effect than the sum of each individually weakened component, indicating a nonlinearly additive pattern. The pelvic floor responded to different weakening conditions distinctly: weakening the vaginal wall developed urethral mobility through the collapsed vaginal canal, while weakening the levator ani showed a more uniform pelvic floor deformation. CONCLUSIONS The computational modeling and dynamic biomechanical analysis provides a powerful tool to better understand the dynamics of the female pelvis under pressure events. The vaginal walls, puborectalis, and pubococcygeus are the most important individual structures in providing urethral support. The levator ani muscle group provides urethral support in a well-coordinated way with a nonlinearly additive pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2027 SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77024, USA
| | - Rose Khavari
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nissrine A Nakib
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy B Boone
- Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2027 SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77024, USA.
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Peng Y, Dai Z, Mansy HA, Henry BM, Sandler RH, Balk RA, Royston TJ. Sound transmission in porcine thorax through airway insonification. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:675-89. [PMID: 26280512 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many pulmonary injuries and pathologies may lead to structural and functional changes in the lungs resulting in measurable sound transmission changes on the chest surface. Additionally, noninvasive imaging of externally driven mechanical wave motion in the chest (e.g., using magnetic resonance elastography) can provide information about lung structural property changes and, hence, may be of diagnostic value. In the present study, a comprehensive computational simulation (in silico) model was developed to simulate sound wave propagation in the airways, lung, and chest wall under normal and pneumothorax conditions. Experiments were carried out to validate the model. Here, sound waves with frequency content from 50 to 700 Hz were introduced into airways of five porcine subjects via an endotracheal tube, and transmitted waves were measured by scanning laser Doppler vibrometry at the chest wall surface. The computational model predictions of decreased sound transmission with pneumothorax were consistent with experimental measurements. The in silico model can also be used to visualize wave propagation inside and on the chest wall surface for other pulmonary pathologies, which may help in developing and interpreting diagnostic procedures that utilize sound and vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, 2039 ERF, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Zoujun Dai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, 2039 ERF, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Hansen A Mansy
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Brian M Henry
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, 2039 ERF, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Richard H Sandler
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Robert A Balk
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, 2039 ERF, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Bervoets DC, Luijsterburg PAJ, Alessie JJN, Buijs MJ, Verhagen AP. Massage therapy has short-term benefits for people with common musculoskeletal disorders compared to no treatment: a systematic review. J Physiother 2015; 61:106-16. [PMID: 26093806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION Is massage therapy effective for people with musculoskeletal disorders compared to any other treatment or no treatment? DESIGN Systematic review of randomised clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS People with musculoskeletal disorders. INTERVENTIONS Massage therapy (manual manipulation of the soft tissues) as a stand-alone intervention. OUTCOME The primary outcomes were pain and function. RESULTS The 26 eligible randomised trials involved 2565 participants. The mean sample size was 95 participants (range 16 to 579) per study; 10 studies were considered to be at low risk of bias. Overall, low-to-moderate-level evidence indicated that massage reduces pain in the short term compared to no treatment in people with shoulder pain and osteoarthritis of the knee, but not in those with low back pain or neck pain. Furthermore, low-to-moderate-level evidence indicated that massage improves function in the short term compared to no treatment in people with low back pain, knee arthritis or shoulder pain. Low-to-very-low-level evidence from single studies indicated no clear benefits of massage over acupuncture, joint mobilisation, manipulation or relaxation therapy in people with fibromyalgia, low back pain and general musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS Massage therapy, as a stand-alone treatment, reduces pain and improves function compared to no treatment in some musculoskeletal conditions. When massage is compared to another active treatment, no clear benefit was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik C Bervoets
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Pim A J Luijsterburg
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | | | | | - Arianne P Verhagen
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
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Best TM, Crawford SK, Haas C, Charles L, Zhao Y. Transverse forces in skeletal muscle with massage-like loading in a rabbit model. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:393. [PMID: 25310893 PMCID: PMC4200125 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to quantify the transverse forces in skeletal muscle subjected to constant compressive massage-like loading (MLL) following eccentric exercise (ECC). Methods Twenty-eight New Zealand White rabbits were used for this two-part study. For all testing, a customized electromechanical device was utilized to apply a constant compressive force MLL to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and the resultant transverse forces were quantified. The device consisted of two stepper motors that were positioned orthogonally to each other and connected to separate sliding tracks. A stainless steel cylindrical massage tip was mounted to a customized two-axis sensor consisting of two strain gauges with which forces along the two axes were measured. First, we determined the effects of tissue loading frequency and compression magnitude on transverse forces in the TA. Following a bout of ECC, sixteen rabbits were randomly assigned to a protocol with MLL frequency of 0.25 Hz or 0.5 Hz at a constant compressive force of 5 N or 10 N. Secondly, we utilized a protocol of 0.5 Hz, 10 N, 15 min MLL that was performed on 4 consecutive days commencing immediately post ECC (n = 6 animals) or 48 hours following ECC (n = 6 animals). Transverse forces were measured during all 4 MLL sessions for the entire 15 min duration for both the immediate and the delayed groups. Results Both frequency and magnitude of compressive force due to MLL showed an effect on the magnitude of transverse force (p < 0.05 for each parameter). Furthermore, MLL beginning immediately following ECC produced higher transverse forces than MLL delayed by 48 hours with an average 20% difference between the two MLL groups over the four day protocol. Forces were higher in the middle 5 minutes compared to the first 5 minutes for all MLL bouts in both groups. Conclusions Frequency and magnitude of MLL and timing for delivery of MLL following ECC affect resultant transverse force values for exercised muscle. The application of our findings to humans receiving massage following exercise remains unknown at this time.
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Crawford SK, Haas C, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Best TM, Best TM. Effects of immediate vs. delayed massage-like loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:671-8. [PMID: 24861827 PMCID: PMC4112012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared immediate versus delayed massage-like compressive loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise. METHODS Eighteen rabbits were surgically instrumented with peroneal nerve cuffs for stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a massage loading protocol applied immediately post exercise (n=6), commencing 48h post exercise (n=6), or exercised no-massage control (n=6). Viscoelastic properties were evaluated in vivo by performing a stress-relaxation test pre- and post-exercise and daily pre- and post-massage for four consecutive days of massage loading. A quasi-linear viscoelastic approach modeled the instantaneous elastic response (AG0), fast (g1(p)) and slow (g2(p)) relaxation coefficients, and the corresponding relaxation time constants τ1 and τ2. FINDINGS Exercise increased AG0 in all groups (P<0.05). After adjusting for the three multiple comparisons, recovery of AG0 was not significant in the immediate (P=0.021) or delayed (P=0.048) group compared to the control group following four days of massage. However, within-day (pre- to post-massage) analysis revealed a decrease in AG0 in both massage groups. Following exercise, g1(p) increased and g2(p) and τ1 decreased for all groups (P<0.05). Exercise had no effect on τ2 (P>0.05). After four days of massage, there was no significant recovery of the relaxation parameters for either massage loading group compared to the control group. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that massage loading following eccentric exercise has a greater effect on reducing muscle stiffness, estimated by AG0, within-day rather than affecting recovery over multiple days. Massage loading also has little effect on the relaxation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Crawford
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Haas
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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