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Venn J, Larkee CE, Garcia GJM, Rayz VL, LaDisa JF. A workflow for viewing biomedical computational fluid dynamics results and corresponding data within virtual and augmented reality environments. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1096289. [PMID: 36908292 PMCID: PMC9996009 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1096289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can spend weeks obtaining imaging data, determining boundary conditions, running simulations and post-processing files. However, results are typically viewed on a 2D display and often at one point in time thus reducing the dynamic and inherently three-dimensional data to a static image. Results from different pathologic states or cases are rarely compared in real-time, and supplementary data are seldom included. Therefore, only a fraction of CFD results are typically studied in detail, and associations between mechanical stimuli and biological response may be overlooked. Virtual and augmented reality facilitate stereoscopic viewing that may foster extraction of more information from CFD results by taking advantage of improved depth cues, as well as custom content development and interactivity, all within an immersive approach. Our objective was to develop a straightforward, semi-automated workflow for enhanced viewing of CFD results and associated data in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). The workflow supports common CFD software and has been successfully completed by novice users in about an hour, demonstrating its ease of use. Moreover, its utility is demonstrated across clinical research areas and IVE platforms spanning a range of cost and development considerations. We are optimistic that this advancement, which decreases and simplifies the steps to facilitate more widespread use of immersive CFD viewing, will foster more efficient collaboration between engineers and clinicians. Initial clinical feedback is presented, and instructional videos, manuals, templates and sample data are provided online to facilitate adoption by the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Venn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Guilherme J. M. Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Vitaliy L. Rayz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - John F. LaDisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics - Division of Cardiology, Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Bozzetto M, Soliveri L, Volpi J, Remuzzi A, Barbieri A, Lanterna LAA, Lanzarone E. Computational fluid dynamic modeling of flow-altering surgical procedures: feasibility assessment on saccular aneurysm case study. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2022.2140310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bozzetto
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
| | - Luca Soliveri
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
| | - Jessica Volpi
- Department of Management, Information and Production and Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- Department of Management, Information and Production and Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Lanzarone
- Department of Management, Information and Production and Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
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Challenges in Modeling Hemodynamics in Cerebral Aneurysms Related to Arteriovenous Malformations. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 13:673-684. [PMID: 35106721 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The significantly higher incidence of aneurysms in patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) suggests a strong hemodynamic relationship between these lesions. The presence of an AVM alters hemodynamics in proximal vessels by drastically changing the distal resistance, thus affecting intra-aneurysmal flow. This study discusses the challenges associated with patient-specific modeling of aneurysms in the presence of AVMs. METHODS We explore how the presence of a generic distal AVM affects upstream aneurysms by examining the relationship between distal resistance and aneurysmal wall shear stress using physiologically realistic estimates for the influence of the AVM on hemodynamics. Using image-based computational models of aneurysms and surrounding vasculature, aneurysmal wall-shear stress is calculated for a range of distal resistances corresponding to the presence of AVMs of various sizes and compared with a control case representing the absence of an AVM. RESULTS In the patient cases considered, the alteration in aneurysmal wall shear stress due to the presence of an AVM is considerable, as much as 19 times the base case wall shear stress. Furthermore, the relationship between aneurysmal wall shear stress and distal resistance is shown to be highly geometry-dependent and nonlinear. In most cases, the range of physiologically realistic possibilities for AVM-related distal resistance are so large that patient-specific flow measurements are necessary for meaningful predictions of wall shear stress. CONCLUSIONS The presented work offers insight on the impact of distal AVMs on aneurysmal wall shear stress using physiologically realistic computational models. Patient-specific modeling of hemodynamics in aneurysms and associated AVMs has great potential for understanding lesion pathogenesis, surgical planning, and assessing the effect of treatment of one lesion relative to another. However, we show that modeling approaches cannot usually meaningfully quantify the impact of AVMs if based solely on imaging data from CT and X-ray angiography, currently used in clinical practice. Based on recent studies, it appears that 4D flow MRI is one promising approach to obtaining meaningful patient-specific flow boundary conditions that improve modeling fidelity.
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Zhang J, Brindise MC, Rothenberger SM, Markl M, Rayz VL, Vlachos PP. A multi-modality approach for enhancing 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging via sparse representation. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210751. [PMID: 35042385 PMCID: PMC8767185 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work evaluates and applies a multi-modality approach to enhance blood flow measurements and haemodynamic analysis with phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) in cerebral aneurysms (CAs). Using a library of high-resolution velocity fields from patient-specific computational fluid dynamic simulations and in vitro particle tracking velocimetry measurements, the flow field of 4D flow MRI data is reconstructed as the sparse representation of the library. The method was evaluated with synthetic 4D flow MRI data in two CAs. The reconstruction enhanced the spatial resolution and velocity accuracy of the synthetic MRI data, leading to reliable pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) evaluation. The method was applied on in vivo 4D flow MRI data acquired in the same CAs. The reconstruction increased the velocity and WSS by 6-13% and 39-61%, respectively, suggesting that the accuracy of these quantities was improved since the raw MRI data underestimated the velocity and WSS by 10-20% and 40-50%, respectively. The computed pressure fields from the reconstructed data were consistent with the observed flow structures. The results suggest that using the sparse representation flow reconstruction with in vivo 4D flow MRI enhances blood flow measurement and haemodynamic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Melissa C. Brindise
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Sean M. Rothenberger
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA,McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vitaliy L. Rayz
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Pavlos P. Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Identification of intra-individual variation in intracranial arterial flow by MRI and the effect on computed hemodynamic descriptors. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:659-666. [PMID: 33839985 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the intra-individual flow variation in serially acquired studies, and the influence of this variation on subsequent hemodynamic simulations using the inlet flow as a boundary condition. Author: Kindly check and confirm whether the corresponding authors are correctly identified.Confirmed. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included 51 patients (37 females and 14 males) with unruptured intracranial aneurysms who have received more than three times follow-up of 2D phase-contrast MR. The flow and velocity parameters were extracted to calculate the reproducibility and variation. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using the measured flows. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients for mean and maximum velocity and flow parameters ranged from 0.77 to 0.90. A 10% CV of mean flow was identified. Variations of 10% in inlet flow resulted in hemodynamic changes including 41.41% of peak systolic wall shear stress; 39.13% of end-diastolic wall shear stress; 2.79% of low shear area at peak systole; 2.12% of low shear area at end diastole: 47.57% of time-averaged wall shear stress; and 0.17% of oscillatory shear index. CONCLUSION This study identified 10% of intra-individual mean flow variation on phase-contrast MR. Intra-individual flow variation resulted in a non-negligible variation in wall shear stress, but relatively small variation in low shear area in hemodynamic calculations.
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Settecase F, Rayz VL. Advanced vascular imaging techniques. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 176:81-105. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64034-5.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rayz VL, Cohen-Gadol AA. Hemodynamics of Cerebral Aneurysms: Connecting Medical Imaging and Biomechanical Analysis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 22:231-256. [PMID: 32212833 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092419-061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, numerous studies have conducted patient-specific computations of blood flow dynamics in cerebral aneurysms and reported correlations between various hemodynamic metrics and aneurysmal disease progression or treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, intra-aneurysmal flow analysis has not been adopted in current clinical practice, and hemodynamic factors usually are not considered in clinical decision making. This review presents the state of the art in cerebral aneurysm imaging and image-based modeling, discussing the advantages and limitations of each approach and focusing on the translational value of hemodynamic analysis. Combining imaging and modeling data obtained from different flow modalities can improve the accuracy and fidelity of resulting velocity fields and flow-derived factors that are thought to affect aneurysmal disease progression. It is expected that predictive models utilizing hemodynamic factors in combination with patient medical history and morphological data will outperform current risk scores and treatment guidelines. Possible future directions include novel approaches enabling data assimilation and multimodality analysis of cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy L Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Carmel, Indiana 46032, USA
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Acuna A, Berman AG, Damen FW, Meyers BA, Adelsperger AR, Bayer KC, Brindise MC, Bungart B, Kiel AM, Morrison RA, Muskat JC, Wasilczuk KM, Wen Y, Zhang J, Zito P, Goergen CJ. Computational Fluid Dynamics of Vascular Disease in Animal Models. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2676341. [PMID: 29570754 DOI: 10.1115/1.4039678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to the cardiovascular system have demonstrated its power in investigating the impact of hemodynamics on disease initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes. Flow metrics such as pressure distributions, wall shear stresses (WSS), and blood velocity profiles can be quantified to provide insight into observed pathologies, assist with surgical planning, or even predict disease progression. While numerous studies have performed simulations on clinical human patient data, it often lacks prediagnosis information and can be subject to large intersubject variability, limiting the generalizability of findings. Thus, animal models are often used to identify and manipulate specific factors contributing to vascular disease because they provide a more controlled environment. In this review, we explore the use of CFD in animal models in recent studies to investigate the initiating mechanisms, progression, and intervention effects of various vascular diseases. The first section provides a brief overview of the CFD theory and tools that are commonly used to study blood flow. The following sections are separated by anatomical region, with the abdominal, thoracic, and cerebral areas specifically highlighted. We discuss the associated benefits and obstacles to performing CFD modeling in each location. Finally, we highlight animal CFD studies focusing on common surgical treatments, including arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and pulmonary artery grafts. The studies included in this review demonstrate the value of combining CFD with animal imaging and should encourage further research to optimize and expand upon these techniques for the study of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Acuna
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Alycia G Berman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Frederick W Damen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Brett A Meyers
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Amelia R Adelsperger
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Kelsey C Bayer
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Melissa C Brindise
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Brittani Bungart
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Rachel A Morrison
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Joseph C Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Kelsey M Wasilczuk
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Patrick Zito
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
| | - Craig J Goergen
- ASME Membership Bioengineering Division, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 e-mail:
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Brindise MC, Rothenberger S, Dickerhoff B, Schnell S, Markl M, Saloner D, Rayz VL, Vlachos PP. Multi-modality cerebral aneurysm haemodynamic analysis: in vivo 4D flow MRI, in vitro volumetric particle velocimetry and in silico computational fluid dynamics. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190465. [PMID: 31506043 PMCID: PMC6769317 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical approaches to patient-specific haemodynamic studies of cerebral aneurysms use image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and seek to statistically correlate parameters such as wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) to risk of growth and rupture. However, such studies have reported contradictory results, emphasizing the need for in-depth multi-modality haemodynamic metric evaluation. In this work, we used in vivo 4D flow MRI data to inform in vitro particle velocimetry and CFD modalities in two patient-specific cerebral aneurysm models (basilar tip and internal carotid artery). Pulsatile volumetric particle velocimetry experiments were conducted, and the particle images were processed using Shake-the-Box, a particle tracking method. Distributions of normalized WSS and relative residence time were shown to be highly yet inconsistently affected by minor flow field and spatial resolution variations across modalities, and specific relationships among these should be explored in future work. Conversely, OSI, a non-dimensional parameter, was shown to be more robust to the varying assumptions, limitations and spatial resolutions of each subject and modality. These results suggest a need for further multi-modality analysis as well as development of non-dimensional haemodynamic parameters and correlation of such metrics to aneurysm risk of growth and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Brindise
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sean Rothenberger
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin Dickerhoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Susanne Schnell
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David Saloner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vitaliy L. Rayz
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pavlos P. Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Menut M, Boussel L, Escriva X, Bou-Saïd B, Walter-Le Berre H, Marchesse Y, Millon A, Della Schiava N, Lermusiaux P, Tichy J. Comparison between a generalized Newtonian model and a network-type multiscale model for hemodynamic behavior in the aortic arch: Validation with 4D MRI data for a case study. J Biomech 2018; 73:119-126. [PMID: 29673936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a complex fluid in which the presence of the various constituents leads to significant changes in its rheological properties. Thus, an appropriate non-Newtonian model is advisable; and we choose a Modified version of the rheological model of Phan-Thien and Tanner (MPTT). The different parameters of this model, derived from the rheology of polymers, allow characterization of the non-Newtonian nature of blood, taking into account the behavior of red blood cells in plasma. Using the MPTT model that we implemented in the open access software OpenFOAM, numerical simulations have been performed on blood flow in the thoracic aorta for a healthy patient. We started from a patient-specific model which was constructed from medical images. Exiting flow boundary conditions have been developped, based on a 3-element Windkessel model to approximate physiological conditions. The parameters of the Windkessel model were calibrated with in vivo measurements of flow rate and pressure. The influence of the selected viscosity of red blood cells on the flow and wall shear stress (WSS) was investigated. Results obtained from this model were compared to those of the Newtonian model, and to those of a generalized Newtonian model, as well as to in vivo dynamic data from 4D MRI during a cardiac cycle. Upon evaluating the results, the MPTT model shows better agreement with the MRI data during the systolic and diastolic phases than the Newtonian or generalized Newtonian model, which confirms our interest in using a complex viscoelastic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Menut
- Université de Lyon, CNRS INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS, UMR5259, F-69621, France.
| | - Loïc Boussel
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220-INSERM U1206 - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Escriva
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LMFA, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS UMR5509, France
| | - Benyebka Bou-Saïd
- Université de Lyon, CNRS INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS, UMR5259, F-69621, France
| | | | - Yann Marchesse
- Université de Lyon, ECAM Lyon, INSA Lyon, LabECAM, F-69005 Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Millon
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | | | - Patrick Lermusiaux
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - John Tichy
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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Rayz VL, Saloner D, Rayz JM, Raskin V. Cognitive Imaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE INFORMATICS AND NATURAL INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijcini.2018040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article, an extended version of ICCI*CC-2017 paper, co-authored by biomedical engineers specializing in brain blood circulation modeling and by experts in meaning-based NLP. This article suggests a cognitive computing technology for medical imaging analysis that removes image artifacts resulting in visual deviations from reality, such as discontinuous blood vessels or two vessels shown merged when they are not. It is implemented by supplying the pertinent knowledge that humans have to the computer and letting it initiate the corrective post-processing. The existing OST resource is centered on the ontology that is made to accommodate the domain with a minor adjustment effort; however, any ontology can be used, as demonstrated in this article. The examples from the ontology demonstrate the disparities between what the image shows and what the human knows. The computer detects them autonomously and can initiate the appropriate post-processing. If and when this cognitive imaging prevails, the post-processed images may replace the current ones as legitimate artifact-free MRIs.
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Frolov SV, Sindeev SV, Liepsch D, Balasso A. Experimental and CFD flow studies in an intracranial aneurysm model with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Technol Health Care 2017; 24:317-33. [PMID: 26835725 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the clinical data, flow conditions play a major role in the genesis of intracranial aneurysms. The disorder of the flow structure is the cause of damage of the inner layer of the vessel wall, which leads to the development of cerebral aneurysms. Knowledge of the alteration of the flow field in the aneurysm region is important for treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim is to study quantitatively the flow structure in an patient-specific aneurysm model of the internal carotid artery using both experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. METHODS A patient-specific geometry of aneurysm of the internal carotid artery was used. Patient data was segmented and smoothed to obtain geometrical model. An elastic true-to-scale silicone model was created with stereolithography. For initial investigation of the blood flow, the flow was visualized by adding particles into the silicone model. The precise flow velocity measurements were done using 1D Laser Doppler Anemometer with a spatial resolution of 50 μ m and a temporal resolution of 1 ms. The local velocity measurements were done at a distance of 4 mm to each other. A fluid with non-Newtonian properties was used in the experiment. The CFD simulations for unsteady-state problem were done using constructed hexahedral mesh for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. RESULTS Using 1D laser Doppler Anemometer the minimum velocity magnitude at the end of systole -0.01 m/s was obtained in the aneurysm dome while the maximum velocity 1 m/s was at the center of the outlet segment. On central cross section of the aneurysm the maximum velocity value is only 20% of the average inlet velocity. The average velocity on the cross-section is only 11% of the inlet axial velocity. Using the CFD simulation the wall shear stresses for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid at the end of systolic phase (t= 0.25 s) were computed. The wall shear stress varies from 3.52 mPa (minimum value) to 10.21 Pa (maximum value) for the Newtonian fluid. For the non-Newtonian fluid the wall shear stress minimum is 2.94 mPa; the maximum is 9.14 Pa. The lowest value of the wall shear stress for both fluids was obtained at the dome of the aneurysm while the highest wall shear stress was at the beginning of the outlet segment. The vortex in the aneurysm region is unstable during the cardiac cycle. The clockwise rotation of the streamlines at the inlet segment for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid is shown. CONCLUSION The results of the present study are in agreement with the hemodynamics theory of aneurysm genesis. Low value of wall shear stress is observed at the aneurysm dome which can cause a rupture of an aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Frolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia
| | - S V Sindeev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia
| | - D Liepsch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - A Balasso
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Vali A, Abla AA, Lawton MT, Saloner D, Rayz VL. Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling of contrast transport in basilar aneurysms following flow-altering surgeries. J Biomech 2016; 50:195-201. [PMID: 27890537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo measurement of blood velocity fields and flow descriptors remains challenging due to image artifacts and limited resolution of current imaging methods; however, in vivo imaging data can be used to inform and validate patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Image-based CFD can be particularly useful for planning surgical interventions in complicated cases such as fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery, where it is crucial to alter pathological hemodynamics while preserving flow to the distal vasculature. In this study, patient-specific CFD modeling was conducted for two basilar aneurysm patients considered for surgical treatment. In addition to velocity fields, transport of contrast agent was simulated for the preoperative and postoperative conditions using two approaches. The transport of a virtual contrast passively following the flow streamlines was simulated to predict post-surgical flow regions prone to thrombus deposition. In addition, the transport of a mixture of blood with an iodine-based contrast agent was modeled to compare and verify the CFD results with X-ray angiograms. The CFD-predicted patterns of contrast flow were qualitatively compared to in vivo X-ray angiograms acquired before and after the intervention. The results suggest that the mixture modeling approach, accounting for the flow rates and properties of the contrast injection, is in better agreement with the X-ray angiography data. The virtual contrast modeling assessed the residence time based on flow patterns unaffected by the injection procedure, which makes the virtual contrast modeling approach better suited for prediction of thrombus deposition, which is not limited to the peri-procedural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Vali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adib A Abla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, AR, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Saloner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vitaliy L Rayz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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15
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Can A, Du R. Association of Hemodynamic Factors With Intracranial Aneurysm Formation and Rupture: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 2016; 78:510-20. [PMID: 26516819 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests a link between the magnitude and distribution of hemodynamic factors and the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. However, there are many conflicting results. OBJECTIVE To quantify the effect of hemodynamic factors on aneurysm formation and their association with ruptured aneurysms. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis through October 2014. Analysis of the effects of hemodynamic factors on aneurysm formation was performed by pooling the results of studies that compared geometrical models of intracranial aneurysms and "preaneurysm" models where the aneurysm was artificially removed. Furthermore, we calculated pooled standardized mean differences between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms to quantify the association of hemodynamic factors with ruptured aneurysms. Standard PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS The hemodynamic factors that showed high positive correlations with location of aneurysm formation were high wall shear stress (WSS) and high gradient oscillatory number, with pooled proportions of 78.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Positive correlations were largely seen in bifurcation aneurysms, whereas negative correlations were seen in sidewall aneurysms. Mean and normalized WSS were significantly lower and low shear area significantly higher in ruptured aneurysms. CONCLUSION Pooled analyses of computational fluid dynamics models suggest that an increase in WSS and gradient oscillatory number may contribute to aneurysm formation, whereas low WSS is associated with ruptured aneurysms. The location of the aneurysm at the bifurcation or sidewall may influence the correlation of these hemodynamic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Can
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Lawton MT, Abla AA, Rutledge WC, Benet A, Zador Z, Rayz V, Saloner D, Halbach V. Bypass Surgery for the Treatment of Dolichoectatic Basilar Trunk Aneurysms: A Work in Progress. Neurosurgery 2016; 79:83-99. [PMID: 26671632 PMCID: PMC4956413 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of dolichoectatic basilar trunk aneurysms has been ineffectual or morbid due to nonsaccular morphology, deep location, and involvement of brainstem perforators. Treatment with bypass surgery has been advocated to eliminate malignant hemodynamics and to stabilize aneurysm growth. OBJECTIVE To validate that flow alteration with bypass and parent artery occlusion favorably impacts aneurysm progression. METHODS Surgical management evolved in 3 phases, each with different hemodynamic alterations. RESULTS During a 17-year period, 37 patients with dolichoectatic basilar trunk aneurysms were retrospectively identified, of whom 21 patients were observed, 12 treated immediately, and 4 selected for treatment after clinical progression. In phase 1, flow reversal was overly thrombogenic, despite heparin (N = 5, final mortality, 100%). In phase 2, flow reduction with intracranial-to-intracranial bypass was safer than flow reversal, but did not prevent progressive aneurysm enlargement (N = 3, final mortality 67%). In phase 3, distal clip occlusion of the basilar trunk aneurysm preserved anterograde flow in the aneurysm without rupture, but reduced flow threatened perforator patency, despite treatment with clopidogrel (N = 8, final mortality 62%). CONCLUSION Shifting treatment strategy for dolichoectatic basilar trunk aneurysms improved surgical (80% to 50%) and final mortalities (100% to 62%), with stabilization of aneurysms in the phase 3 survivors. Good outcomes are determined by perforator preservation and mitigating aneurysm thrombosis. Occlusion techniques with increased distal run-off seem to benefit perforators. The treatment of dolichoectatic basilar trunk aneurysms can advance through concentrated management in dedicated centers, concerted efforts to study morphology and hemodynamics with computational methods, and widespread collection of registry data. ABBREVIATIONS 4D PC-MRI, time-resolved phase-contrast MRIAICA, anterior inferior cerebellar arteryCE-MRA, high-resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiographyEC-IC, extracranial-to-intracranial bypassMCA, middle cerebral arteryMR, magnetic resonancemRS, modified Rankin ScalePCA, posterior cerebral arteryPICA, posterior inferior cerebellar arterySCA, superior cerebellar arterySTA, superficial temporal arteryVA, vertebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adib A. Abla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - W. Caleb Rutledge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Arnau Benet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zsolt Zador
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vitaliy Rayz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Saloner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Van Halbach
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California
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17
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Walcott BP, Reinshagen C, Stapleton CJ, Choudhri O, Rayz V, Saloner D, Lawton MT. Predictive modeling and in vivo assessment of cerebral blood flow in the management of complex cerebral aneurysms. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:998-1003. [PMID: 27009946 PMCID: PMC4908629 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16641125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are weakened blood vessel dilatations that can result in spontaneous, devastating hemorrhage events. Aneurysm treatment aims to reduce hemorrhage events, and strategies for complex aneurysms often require surgical bypass or endovascular stenting for blood flow diversion. Interventions that divert blood flow from their normal circulation patterns have the potential to result in unintentional ischemia. Recent developments in computational modeling and in vivo assessment of hemodynamics for cerebral aneurysm treatment have entered into clinical practice. Herein, we review how these techniques are currently utilized to improve risk stratification and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Walcott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Christopher J Stapleton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Omar Choudhri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vitaliy Rayz
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - David Saloner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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