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The protein kinase CK2 contributes to the malignant phenotype of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:61. [PMID: 31641101 PMCID: PMC6805921 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a particularly aggressive hepatobiliary malignancy, for which the molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant phenotype are still poorly understood, and novel and effective therapeutic strategies are limited. The pro-survival protein kinase CK2 is frequently overexpressed in cancer and is receiving increasing interest as an anti-tumor drug target. Its precise role in CCA biology is still largely unknown. Here we show that expression of the CK2α and α' catalytic subunits and of the β regulatory subunit is increased in human CCA samples. Increased expression of CK2 subunits was shown in CCA cell lines compared to non-transformed cholangiocytes. We used chemical inhibition of CK2 and genetic modification by CRISPR/Cas9 to explore the contribution of CK2 to the malignant phenotype of CCA cells. Disruption of CK2 activity results in cell death through apoptosis, reduced invasion and migration potential, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Importantly, CCA cells with a reduced CK2 activity are more sensitive to chemotherapy. Altogether, our results demonstrate that CK2 significantly contributes to increased proliferative potential and augmented growth of CCA cells and indicate the rationale for its targeting as a promising pharmacologic strategy for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Baier A, Galicka A, Nazaruk J, Szyszka R. Selected flavonoid compounds as promising inhibitors of protein kinase CK2α and CK2α', the catalytic subunits of CK2. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 136:39-45. [PMID: 28043654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous protein kinase involved in many cell functions. During the last years it became an interesting target in cancer research. A series of flavonoid compounds was tested as inhibitors of protein kinase CK2. Several substances were found to be highly active against both catalytic subunits with IC50 values below 1 μM in case of CK2α'. The most promising inhibitor we identified is chrysoeriol with IC50 values of 250 and 34 nM for CK2α and CK2α', respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang S, Yang YL, Wang Y, You B, Dai Y, Chan G, Hsieh D, Kim IJ, Fang LT, Au A, Stoppler HJ, Xu Z, Jablons DM, You L. CK2α, over-expressed in human malignant pleural mesothelioma, regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway in mesothelioma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:93. [PMID: 25422081 PMCID: PMC4254219 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in stem cell maintenance and its activation is aberrant in several types of cancer including mesothelioma. Protein kinase CK2 affects several cell signaling pathways through the mechanism of phosphorylation. Methods Protein and mRNA levels of CK2α and Gli1 were tested by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining in mesothelioma samples and cell lines. Down-regulated Gli1 expression and transcriptional activity were demonstrated by RT-PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter assay. Results In this study, we show that CK2α is over-expressed and a positive regulator of Hegdehog/Gli1 signaling in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. First of all, we found that the mRNA levels of CK2α and Gli1 were broadly elevated and correlated (n = 52, r = 0.401, P < 0.05), compared with LP9 (a normal mesothelial cell line). We then investigated their expression at the protein level, and found that all the 7 mesothelioma cell lines tested showed positive staining in CK2α and Gli1 immunohistochemistry. Correlation analysis by Pearson test for CK2α and Gli1 expression in the 75 mesothelioma tumors and the 7 mesothelioma cell lines showed that the two protein expression was significantly correlated (n = 82, r = 0.554, P < 0.01). Furthermore, we demonstrated that Gli1 expression and transcriptional activity were down-regulated after CK2α was silenced in two mesothelioma cell lines (H28 and H2052). CK2α siRNA also down-regulated the expression of Hh target genes in these cell lines. Moreover, treatment with a small-molecule CK2α inhibitor CX-4945 led to dose-dependent inhibition of Gli1 expression and transcriptional activity. Conversely, forced over-expression of CK2α resulted in an increase in Gli1 transcriptional activity in H28 cells. Conclusions Thus, we report for the first time that over-expressed CK2α positively regulate Hh/Gli1 signaling in human mesothelioma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-014-0093-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fifth Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, 116021, P.R. China. .,Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Bin You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Yuyuan Dai
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Geraldine Chan
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - David Hsieh
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Il-Jin Kim
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Li Tai Fang
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Alfred Au
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Hubert J Stoppler
- Tissue Core, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - David M Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Jin CH, Jun KY, Lee E, Kim S, Kwon Y, Kim K, Na Y. Ethyl 2-(benzylidene)-7-methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate analogues as a new scaffold for protein kinase casein kinase 2 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4553-65. [PMID: 25131958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase casein kinase 2 (PKCK2) is a constitutively active, growth factor-independent serine/threonine kinase, and changes in PKCK2 expression or its activity are reported in many cancer cells. To develop a novel PKCK2 inhibitor(s), we first performed cell-based phenotypic screening using 4000 chemicals purchased from ChemDiv chemical libraries (2000: randomly selected; 2000: kinase-biased) and performed in vitro kinase assay-based screening using hits found from the first screening. We identified compound 24 (C24)[(Z)-ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidine-6-carboxylate] as a novel inhibitor of PKCK2 that is more potent and selective than 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB). In particular, compound 24 [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)=0.56μM] inhibited PKCK2 2.2-fold more efficiently than did TBB (IC50=1.24μM), which is quite specific toward PKCK2 with respect to ATP binding, in a panel of 31 human protein kinases. The Ki values of compound 24 and TBB for PKCK2 were 0.78μM and 2.70μM, respectively. Treatment of cells with compound 24 inhibited endogenous PKCK2 activity and showed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against stomach and hepatocellular cancer cell lines more efficiently than did TBB. As expected, compound 24 also enabled tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant cancer cells to be sensitive toward TRAIL. In comparing the molecular docking of compound 24 bound to PKCK2α versus previously reported complexes of PKCK2 with other inhibitors, our findings suggest a new scaffold for specific PKCK2α inhibitors. Thus, compound 24 appears to be a selective, cell-permeable, potent, and novel PKCK2 inhibitor worthy of further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeon Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongrak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea; Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea; Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 487-010, Republic of Korea.
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CK2 kinase activity but not its binding to CK2 promoter regions is implicated in the regulation of CK2α and CK2β gene expressions. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:71-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Stolarczyk EI, Reiling CJ, Pickin KA, Coppage R, Knecht MR, Paumi CM. Casein kinase 2α regulates multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 function via phosphorylation of Thr249. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:488-99. [PMID: 22695718 PMCID: PMC3422697 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the function of Ycf1p, yeast ortholog of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), is regulated by yeast casein kinase 2α (Cka1p) via phosphorylation at Ser251. In this study, we explored whether casein kinase 2α (CK2α), the human homolog of Cka1p, regulates MRP1 by phosphorylation at the semiconserved site Thr249. Knockdown of CK2α in MCF7-derived cells expressing MRP1 [MRP1 CK2α(-)] resulted in increased doxorubicin sensitivity. MRP1-dependent transport of leukotriene C(4) and estradiol-17β-d-glucuronide into vesicles derived from MRP1 CK2α(-) cells was decreased compared with MRP1 vesicles. Moreover, mutation of Thr249 to alanine (MRP1-T249A) also resulted in decreased MRP1-dependent transport, whereas a phosphomimicking mutation (MRP1-T249E) led to dramatic increase in MRP1-dependent transport. Studies in tissue culture confirmed these findings, showing increased intracellular doxorubicin accumulation in MRP1 CK2α(-) and MRP1-T249A cells compared with MRP1 cells. Inhibition of CK2 kinase by 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole resulted in increased doxorubicin accumulation in MRP1 cells, but not in MRP1 CK2α(-), MRP1-T249A, or MRP1-T249E cells, suggesting that CK2α regulates MRP1 function via phosphorylation of Thr249. Indeed, CK2α and MRP1 interact physically, and recombinant CK2 phosphorylates MRP1-derived peptide in vitro in a Thr249-dependent manner, whereas knockdown of CK2α results in decreased phosphorylation at MRP1-Thr249. The role of CK2 in regulating MRP1 was confirmed in other cancer cell lines where CK2 inhibition decreased MRP1-mediated efflux of doxorubicin and increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity. This study supports a model in which CK2α potentiates MRP1 function via direct phosphorylation of Thr249.
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Trembley JH, Unger GM, Korman VL, Tobolt DK, Kazimierczuk Z, Pinna LA, Kren BT, Ahmed K. Nanoencapsulated anti-CK2 small molecule drug or siRNA specifically targets malignant cancer but not benign cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 315:48-58. [PMID: 22050909 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CK2, a pleiotropic Ser/Thr kinase, is an important target for cancer therapy. We tested our novel tenfibgen-based nanocapsule for delivery of the inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT) and an siRNA directed against both CK2α and α' catalytic subunits to prostate cancer cells. We present data on the TBG nanocapsule itself and on CK2 inhibition or downregulation in treated cells, including effects on Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. By direct comparison of two CK2-directed cargos, our data provide proof that the TBG encapsulation design for delivery of drugs specifically to cancer cells has strong potential for small molecule- and nucleic acid-based cancer therapy.
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8
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Huang XY, Shan ZJ, Zhai HL, Su L, Zhang XY. Study on the Anticancer Activity of Coumarin Derivatives by Molecular Modeling. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:651-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Dominguez I, Degano IR, Chea K, Cha J, Toselli P, Seldin DC. CK2α is essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:209-16. [PMID: 21761203 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CK2 is a highly conserved serine-threonine kinase involved in biological processes such as embryonic development, circadian rhythms, inflammation, and cancer. Biochemical experiments have implicated CK2 in the control of several cellular processes and in the regulation of signal transduction pathways. Our laboratory is interested in characterizing the cellular, signaling, and molecular mechanisms regulated by CK2 during early embryonic development. For this purpose, animal models, including mice deficient in CK2 genes, are indispensable tools. Using CK2α gene-deficient mice, we have recently shown that CK2α is a critical regulator of mid-gestational morphogenetic processes, as CK2α deficiency results in defects in heart, brain, pharyngeal arch, tail bud, limb bud, and somite formation. Morphogenetic processes depend upon the precise coordination of essential cellular processes in which CK2 has been implicated, such as proliferation and survival. Here, we summarize the overall phenotype found in CK2α (-/- ) mice and describe our initial analysis aimed to identify the cellular processes affected in CK2α mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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10
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Lack of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is accompanied by increased CK2α' levels. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:139-47. [PMID: 21750982 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA-PKcs is the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme necessary for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and hence repair of DNA double strand breaks. Characterization of two isogenic cell lines, M059K and M059J, which are DNA-PKcs-proficient and -deficient, respectively, revealed that lack of DNA-PKcs is accompanied by an increase in the protein level of one of the catalytic isozymes of protein kinase CK2, i.e., CK2α' and a concomitant increase in CK2 activity. The increase was also detectable at the mRNA level as measured by quantitative real time PCR. However, no increase at the DNA level was observed either by comparative PCR or fluorescent in situ hybridization indicating that gene amplification is not involved. Interestingly, only CK2α' was increased and not the other two subunits of CK2, i.e., CK2β or CK2α. In addition, the increase in CK2α' protein level was also observed in a DNA-PKcs-deficient mouse cell line.
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11
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Zhu D, Hensel J, Hilgraf R, Abbasian M, Pornillos O, Deyanat-Yazdi G, Hua XH, Cox S. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 expression and activity blocks tumor cell growth. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 333:159-67. [PMID: 19629644 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase. It is a multifunctional and pleiotropic protein kinase implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Deregulation of CK2 is observed in a wide variety of tumors. It has been the focus of intensive research efforts to establish the cause-effect relationship between CK2 and neoplastic growth. Here, we further validate the role of CK2 in cancer cell growth using siRNA approach. We also screened a library of more than 200,000 compounds and identified several molecules, which inhibit CK2 with IC(50) < 1 microM. The binding mode of a representative compound with maize CK2 was determined. In addition, the cellular activity of the compounds was demonstrated by their inhibition of phosphorylation of PTEN Ser370 in HCT116 cells. Treatment of a variety of cancer cell lines with the newly identified CK2 inhibitor significantly blocked cell growth with IC(50)s as low as 300 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Celgene Corporation, 4550 Towne Centre Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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12
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Heiker JT, Wottawah CM, Juhl C, Kosel D, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Protein kinase CK2 interacts with adiponectin receptor 1 and participates in adiponectin signaling. Cell Signal 2009; 21:936-42. [PMID: 19233263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine with anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic and insulin sensitizing properties. Its effects on energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism are mediated by two ubiquitously expressed seven-transmembrane receptors, AdipoR1 and -R2. With the exception of APPL1 and RACK1, no intracellular binding partners of adiponectin receptors are reported and thus signaling pathways downstream of these receptors remain largely unknown. To incorporate adiponectins protective potential in drug development it is essential to understand adiponectin signaling cascades in detail. A yeast two-hybrid approach employing AdipoR1s cytoplasmatic N-terminus led to the identification of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2. We confirmed the interaction in co-immunoprecipitation, ELISA experiments and co-localization analysis in mammalian cells. Furthermore we could localize the interaction site in an N-terminal basic region close to the transmembrane domain. In adiponectin stimulation experiments of C2C12 mouse myotubes and MCF7 cells incorporating CK2 inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benz-imidazole (DMAT) we found a modulator role of CK2 in adiponectin signaling. Accordingly we identified the regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2 as a novel intracellular partner of AdipoR1 and have strong evidence of CK2 as an effector molecule in adiponectin signaling. Since CK2 is involved in signaling cascades of other adipokines and hormones, e.g. leptin and insulin, our findings suggest a possible key function in crosstalk between adiponectin and insulin signaling pathways and could provide further insight into the anti-diabetic effects of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biociences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, Leipzig, Germany
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Salicylaldehyde derivatives as new protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Abstract
CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a very pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase whose abnormally high constitutive activity has often been correlated to pathological conditions with special reference to neoplasia. The two most widely used cell permeable CK2 inhibitors, TBB (4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzotriazole) and DMAT (2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole), are marketed as quite specific CK2 blockers. In the present study we show, by using a panel of approx. 80 protein kinases, that DMAT and its parent compound TBI (or TBBz; 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole) are potent inhibitors of several other kinases, with special reference to PIM (provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukaemia virus)1, PIM2, PIM3, PKD1 (protein kinase D1), HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) and DYRK1a (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and -regulated kinase 1a). In contrast, TBB is significantly more selective toward CK2, although it also inhibits PIM1 and PIM3. In an attempt to improve selectivity towards CK2 a library of 68 TBB/TBI-related compounds have been tested for their ability to discriminate between CK2, PIM1, HIPK2 and DYRK1a, ending up with seven compounds whose efficacy toward CK2 is markedly higher than that toward the second most inhibited kinase. Two of these, K64 (3,4,5,6,7-pentabromo-1H-indazole) and K66 (1-carboxymethyl-2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-benzimidazole), display an overall selectivity much higher than TBB and DMAT when tested on a panel of 80 kinases and display similar efficacy as inducers of apoptosis.
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15
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Yde CW, Olsen BB, Meek D, Watanabe N, Guerra B. The regulatory beta-subunit of protein kinase CK2 regulates cell-cycle progression at the onset of mitosis. Oncogene 2008; 27:4986-97. [PMID: 18469858 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle transition from the G(2) phase into mitosis is regulated by the cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDK1) in complex with cyclin B. CDK1 activity is controlled by both inhibitory phosphorylation, catalysed by the Myt1 and Wee1 kinases, and activating dephosphorylation, mediated by the CDC25 dual-specificity phosphatase family members. In somatic cells, Wee1 is downregulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation to ensure rapid activation of CDK1 at the beginning of M phase. Here, we show that downregulation of the regulatory beta-subunit of protein kinase CK2 by RNA interference results in delayed cell-cycle progression at the onset of mitosis. Knockdown of CK2beta causes stabilization of Wee1 and increased phosphorylation of CDK1 at the inhibitory Tyr15. PLK1-Wee1 association is an essential event in the degradation of Wee1 in unperturbed cell cycle. We have found that CK2beta participates in PLK1-Wee1 complex formation whereas its cellular depletion leads to disruption of PLK1-Wee1 interaction and reduced Wee1 phosphorylation at Ser53 and 121. The data reported here reinforce the notion that CK2beta has functions that are independent of its role as the CK2 regulatory subunit, identifying it as a new component of signaling pathways that regulate cell-cycle progression at the entry of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Yde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Duncan JS, Gyenis L, Lenehan J, Bretner M, Graves LM, Haystead TA, Litchfield DW. An Unbiased Evaluation of CK2 Inhibitors by Chemoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1077-88. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700559-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Ahmad KA, Wang G, Unger G, Slaton J, Ahmed K. Protein kinase CK2--a key suppressor of apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 48:179-87. [PMID: 18492491 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kashif A Ahmad
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), V.A. Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Øster B, Bundgaard B, Hupp TR, Höllsberg P. Human herpesvirus 6B induces phosphorylation of p53 in its regulatory domain by a CK2- and p38-independent pathway. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:87-96. [PMID: 18089732 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection upregulates the tumour suppressor p53 and induces phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392. Interestingly, phosphorylation at the equivalent site has previously been shown to correlate with p53 tumour suppression in murine models. Although the signalling pathways leading to Ser392 phosphorylation are poorly understood, they seem to include casein kinase 2 (CK2), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), p38 or cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9). By using column chromatography and in vitro kinase assays, CK2 and p38, but not PKR or Cdk9, eluted in column fractions that phosphorylated p53 at Ser392. However, treatment of cells with neither the CK2 and Cdk9 inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) nor p38 kinase inhibitors reduced HHV-6B-induced Ser392 phosphorylation significantly. Knockdown of the CK2beta subunit or p38alpha by small interfering RNA had no effect on HHV-6B-induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392. Thus, HHV-6B induces p53 Ser392 phosphorylation by an atypical pathway independent of CK2 and p38 kinases, whereas mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling pathways are involved in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Øster
- The University of Edinburgh, CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Bundgaard
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T R Hupp
- The University of Edinburgh, CRUK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Höllsberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Too much of a good thing: The role of protein kinase CK2 in tumorigenesis and prospects for therapeutic inhibition of CK2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:33-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Yde CW, Frogne T, Lykkesfeldt AE, Fichtner I, Issinger OG, Stenvang J. Induction of cell death in antiestrogen resistant human breast cancer cells by the protein kinase CK2 inhibitor DMAT. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:229-37. [PMID: 17629615 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is involved in cell proliferation and survival, and found overexpressed in virtually all types of human cancer, including breast cancer. We demonstrate that inhibition of CK2 with 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-benzimidazole (DMAT), a potent and specific CK2 inhibitor, results in caspase-mediated killing of human breast cancer cells with acquired resistance to antiestrogens, while DMAT fails to kill parental MCF-7 cells. The antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells express reduced levels of Bcl-2 compared to MCF-7 cells. Reduced Bcl-2 protein level is also found in a tamoxifen resistant human breast tumor grown as a xenograft. We show that re-expression of Bcl-2 partially rescues antiestrogen resistant MCF-7 sublines from DMAT-induced cell death. In summary, our data suggest a novel role of CK2 in antiestrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Westmose Yde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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21
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Di Maira G, Brustolon F, Bertacchini J, Tosoni K, Marmiroli S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase CK2 reverts the multidrug resistance phenotype of a CEM cell line characterized by high CK2 level. Oncogene 2007; 26:6915-26. [PMID: 17486073 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an ubiquitous and constitutively active kinase, which phosphorylates many cellular proteins and is implicated in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and transformation. We investigated its possible involvement in the multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR) by analysing its level in two variants of CEM cells, namely S-CEM and R-CEM, normally sensitive or resistant to chemical apoptosis, respectively. We found that, while the CK2 regulatory subunit beta was equally expressed in the two cell variants, CK2alpha catalytic subunit was higher in R-CEM and this was accompanied by a higher phosphorylation of endogenous protein substrates. Pharmacological downregulation of CK2 activity by a panel of specific inhibitors, or knockdown of CK2alpha expression by RNA interference, were able to induce cell death in R-CEM. CK2 inhibitors could promote an increased uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs inside the cells and sensitize them to drug-induced apoptosis in a co-operative manner. CK2 blockade was also effective in inducing cell death of a different MDR line (U2OS). We therefore conclude that inhibition of CK2 can be considered as a promising tool to revert the MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Maira
- Department of Biological Chemistry and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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22
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Wang G, Ahmad KA, Unger G, Slaton JW, Ahmed K. CK2 signaling in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:382-91. [PMID: 16598768 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein serine/threonine kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a key player in cell growth and proliferation but is also a potent suppressor of apoptosis. CK2 has been found to be dysregulated in all the cancers that have been examined, including prostate cancer. Investigations of CK2 signaling in the prostate were originally initiated in this laboratory, and these studies have identified significant functional activities of CK2 in relation to normal prostate growth and to the pathobiology of androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer. We present a brief overview of these developments in the context of prostate biology. An important outcome of these studies is the emerging concept that CK2 can be effectively targeted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixia Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
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23
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Olsen BB, Bjørling-Poulsen M, Guerra B. Emodin negatively affects the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signalling pathway: a study on its mechanism of action. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:227-37. [PMID: 17018259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of selective cell-permeable inhibitors of protein kinases whose aberrant activation contributes to cell transformation is a promising approach in cancer treatment. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that exhibits anti-proliferative effects in various cancer cell lines by efficient induction of apoptosis. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway has been shown to be central in the promotion of cell survival since the alteration of this signalling cascade is a frequent event in human malignancies. Previous published results indicated that treatment of cells with inhibitors of protein kinase CK2, such as emodin, induces apoptosis and that the anti-apoptotic effect of CK2 is partially mediated by target phosphorylation and up-regulation of AKT by CK2. In the present study, a screening with selected CK2 inhibitors induced a variable response with respect to AKT down-regulation, emodin being the most effective, suggesting that other mechanisms other than the inhibition of CK2 were responsible for the emodin-mediated modulation of AKT. We found that emodin does not directly affect AKT kinase. Furthermore, we show that the down-regulation of AKT is due to the emodin-mediated target inhibition of components of the PI3K pathway, which directly or indirectly affect AKT activity, i.e. the mammalian target of rapamycin and the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, but not the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1. Taken together, our results highlight a new mechanism by which emodin exerts anti-cancer activity and suggest the further investigation of plant polyphenols, such as emodin, as therapeutic and preventive agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte B Olsen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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24
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Zieliński R, Hellman U, Kubiński K, Szyszka R. Fip1--an essential component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyadenylation machinery is phosophorylated by protein kinase CK2. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 286:191-7. [PMID: 16496213 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since Fip1 is phosphoprotein we investigated whether it is a substrate for protein kinase CK2. According to the amino acid sequence Fip1 harbours twenty putative CK2 phosphorylation sites. Here we have report characterization of Fip1 as a substrate for both forms of CK2. Fip1 serves as a substrate for both the recombinant CK2alpha ' (Km 1.28 microM) and holoenzyme (Km 1.4 microM) but not for CK1. By MALDI-MS we identified the two serine residues at positions 73 and 77 as the possible in vitro phosphorylation sites. These data may help to elucidate the role of Fip1 in the mRNA 3'-OH polyadenylation process and the involvement of CK2 mediated phosphorylation in regulation of interactions and activity members of cleavage/polyadenylation factor (CPF) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zieliński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Environmental Protection Institute, Catholic University of Lublin, Kraśnicka Av. 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
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