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Calpain system protein expression and activity in ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:345-361. [PMID: 30448882 PMCID: PMC6373250 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Expression of members of the calpain system are associated with clinical outcome of patients with, amongst others, breast and ovarian cancers, with calpain-2 expression in ovarian cancer being implicated in chemo-resistance and survival. This study aimed, using a large patient cohort and in vitro models, to verify its importance and further investigate the role in ovarian cancer chemoresponse. Methods Calpain-1, calpain-2, calpain-4 and calpastatin expression were evaluated in primary ovarian carcinomas (n = 575) by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression was assessed, via western blotting, in five ovarian cancer cell lines with various sensitivities towards cisplatin/carboplatin. In vitro calpain activity was inhibited by calpeptin treatment to assess changes in platinum sensitivity by proliferation assay, with expression of genes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition being examined by RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array. Results The current study confirmed previous data that high calpain-2 expression is associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.026) and that calpain-1 was not associated with overall survival or progression-free survival. Low expression of calpastatin (P = 0.010) and calpain-4 (P = 0.003) were also associated with adverse survival. Such prognostic associations do not seem to be linked with altered tumour sensitivity towards platinum-based chemotherapy. Interestingly, low calpain-1 expression was more frequent in patients with confined tumours (stage 1) (χ2 = 11.310, df = 1, P = 0.001). Calpain and calpastatin expression varied among ovarian cancer cell lines yet their expression levels were similar between chemo-sensitive cells and resistant counterparts. Moreover, calpeptin treatment did not alter cellular response to platinum-based chemotherapy or epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related gene expression. Conclusions The conventional calpains and calpastatin have been confirmed to play an important role in ovarian cancer; however, the precise mechanisms whereby they exert effects remain to be elucidated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-018-2794-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Padró M, Louie RJ, Lananna BV, Krieg AJ, Timmerman LA, Chan DA. Genome-independent hypoxic repression of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:203. [PMID: 28320353 PMCID: PMC5358051 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 75-80% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and are treated with endocrine-target therapeutics, making this the premier therapeutic modality in the breast cancer clinic. However, acquired resistance is common and about 20% of resistant tumors loose ER-α expression via unknown mechanisms. Inhibition of ER-α loss could improve endocrine therapeutic efficacy, benefiting a significant number of patients. Here we test whether tumor hypoxia might commonly produce ER-α loss. METHODS Using standard molecular and cellular biological assays and a work station/incubator with controllable oxygen levels, we analyze the effects of hypoxia on ER-α protein, mRNA, and transcriptional activity in a panel of independently-derived ER-α positive cell lines. These lines were chosen to represent the diverse genetic backgrounds and mutations commonly present in ER-α positive tumors. Using shRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression studies we also elucidate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in the hypoxia-induced decrease in ER-α abundance. RESULTS We present the first comprehensive overview of the effects of bona fide low environmental oxygen (hypoxia) and HIF-1α activity on ER-α abundance and transcriptional activity. We find that stabilized HIF-1α induces rapid loss of ER-α protein in all members of our diverse panel of breast cancer cell lines, which involves proteolysis rather than transcriptional repression. Reduced ER-α severely attenuates ER-α directed transcription, and inhibits cell proliferation without overt signs of cell death in the cell lines tested, despite their varying genomic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a common hypoxia response that produces reduced ER-α expression and cell cycle stalling, and demonstrate a common role for HIF-1α in ER-α loss. We hypothesize that inhibitors of HIF-1α or the proteasome might stabilize ER-α expression in breast tumors in vivo, and work in combination with endocrine therapies to reduce resistance. Our data also suggests that disease re-occurrence in patients with ER-α positive tumors may arise from tumor cells chronically resident in hypoxic environments. We hypothesize that these non-proliferating cells may survive undetected until conditions change to oxygenate the environment, or cells eventually switch to proliferation via other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Padró
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Raymond J. Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Brian V. Lananna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Adam J. Krieg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Luika A. Timmerman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Denise A. Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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Storr SJ, Thompson N, Pu X, Zhang Y, Martin SG. Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response. Pathobiology 2015; 82:133-41. [PMID: 26330354 DOI: 10.1159/000430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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Wang CY, Xie JW, Wang T, Xu Y, Cai JH, Wang X, Zhao BL, An L, Wang ZY. Hypoxia-triggered m-calpain activation evokes endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuropathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:820-33. [PMID: 23889979 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is activated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. ER stress-triggered unfolded protein response (UPR) leads to tau phosphorylation and neuronal death. AIMS In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced m-calpain activation is involved in ER stress-mediated AD pathogenesis. METHOD We employed a hypoxic exposure in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing human Swedish mutation APP (APPswe). RESULTS We observed that hypoxia impaired spatial learning and memory in the APP/PS1 mouse. In the transgenic mouse brain, hypoxia increased the UPR, upregulated apoptotic signaling, enhanced the activation of calpain and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), and increased tau hyperphosphorylation and β-amyloid deposition. In APPswe cells, m-calpain silencing reduced hypoxia-induced cellular dysfunction and resulted in suppression of GSK3β activation, ER stress and tau hyperphosphorylation reduction as well as caspase pathway suppression. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that hypoxia-induced abnormal calpain activation may increase ER stress-induced apoptosis in AD pathogenesis. In contrast, a reduction in the expression of the m-calpain isoform reduces ER stress-linked apoptosis that is triggered by hypoxia. These findings suggest that hypoxia-triggered m-calpain activation is involved in ER stress-mediated AD pathogenesis. m-calpain is a potential target for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, China
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Teramura T, Onodera Y, Takehara T, Frampton J, Matsuoka T, Ito S, Nakagawa K, Miki Y, Hosoi Y, Hamanishi C, Fukuda K. Induction of Functional Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells by Exposure to Severe Hypoxic Conditions. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:309-29. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x653291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to be used as an unlimited cell source for cell transplantation therapy, as well as for studying mechanisms of disease and early mammalian development. However, applications involving ESCs have been limited by the lack of reliable differentiation methods in many cases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have also emerged as a promising cell source, but as suggested in recent studies, these cells display limited potential for proliferation and differentiation, thereby limiting their usefulness in the clinic and in the laboratory. Unfortunately, effective methods for induction of MSCs from pluripotent stem cells have not been established, and the development of such methods remains a major challenge facing stem cell biologists. Oxygen concentration is one of the most important factors regulating tissue development. It has profound effects on cell metabolism and physiology and can strongly influence stem cell fate. Here we demonstrate that severe low O2 concentrations (1%) can function as a selective pressure for removing undifferentiated pluripotent cells during the induction of MSCs from rabbit ESCs (rESCs) and that MSCs induced under severe hypoxic conditions function as normal MSCs; that is, they repopulate after cloning, express specific markers (vimentin, CD29, CD90, CD105, and CD140a) and differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these cells can contribute to cartilage regeneration in an in vivo rabbit model for joint cartilage injury. These results support the notion that exposing ESCs to severe hypoxic conditions during differentiation can be used as a strategy for the preparation of functional MSCs from ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Teramura
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takehara
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - John Frampton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Toshiki Matsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Syunsuke Ito
- Center for Developmental Biology, Riken, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Miki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hosoi
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hamanishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Fukuda
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Hypoxia Increases Aβ-Induced Tau Phosphorylation by Calpain and Promotes Behavioral Consequences in AD Transgenic Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:138-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-9966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sermeus A, Michiels C. Reciprocal influence of the p53 and the hypoxic pathways. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e164. [PMID: 21614094 PMCID: PMC3122125 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When cells sense a decrease in oxygen availability (hypoxia), they develop adaptive responses in order to sustain this condition and survive. If hypoxia lasts too long or is too severe, the cells eventually die. Hypoxia is also known to modulate the p53 pathway, in a manner dependent or not of HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1), the main transcription factor activated by hypoxia. The p53 protein is a transcription factor, which is rapidly stabilised by cellular stresses and which has a major role in the cell responses to these stresses. The aim of this review is to compile what has been reported until now about the interconnection between these two important pathways. Indeed, according to the cell line, the severity and the duration of hypoxia, oxygen deficiency influences very differently p53 protein level and activity. Conversely, p53 is also described to affect HIF-1α stability, one of the two subunits of HIF-1, and HIF-1 activity. The direct and indirect interactions between HIF-1α and p53 are described as well as the involvement in this complex network of their respective ubiquitin ligases von Hippel Lindau protein and murine double minute 2. Finally, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of p53 and HIF-1 on some important cellular pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sermeus
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur–FUNDP, Namur, Belgium
| | - C Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur–FUNDP, Namur, Belgium
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Inhibition of Akt signaling in hepatoma cells induces apoptotic cell death independent of Akt activation status. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1303-13. [PMID: 20628892 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt, a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), is involved in cell survival and anti-apoptotic signaling. Akt has been shown to be constitutively expressed in a variety of human tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this report we analyzed the status of Akt pathway in three HCC cell lines, and tested cytotoxic effects of Akt pathway inhibitors LY294002, Wortmannin and Inhibitor VIII. In Mahlavu human hepatoma cells Akt was constitutively activated, as demonstrated by its Ser473 phosphorylation, downstream hyperphosphorylation of BAD on Ser136, and by a specific cell-free kinase assay. In contrast, Huh7 and HepG2 did not show hyperactivation when tested by the same criteria. Akt enzyme hyperactivation in Mahlavu was associated with a loss of PTEN protein expression. Akt signaling was inhibited by the upstream kinase inhibitors, LY294002, Wortmannin, as well as by the specific Akt Inhibitor VIII in all three hepatoma cell lines. Cytotoxicity assays with Akt inhibitors in the same cell lines indicated that they were all sensitive, but with different IC50 values as assayed by RT-CES. We also demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect was through apoptotic cell death. Our findings provide evidence for its constitutive activation in one HCC cell line, and that HCC cell lines, independent of their Akt activation status respond to Akt inhibitors by apoptotic cell death. Thus, Akt inhibition may be considered as an attractive therapeutic intervention in liver cancer.
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Park JE, Tan HS, Datta A, Lai RC, Zhang H, Meng W, Lim SK, Sze SK. Hypoxic tumor cell modulates its microenvironment to enhance angiogenic and metastatic potential by secretion of proteins and exosomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1085-99. [PMID: 20124223 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900381-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under hypoxia, tumor cells produce a secretion that modulates their microenvironment to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we observed that hypoxic or reoxygenated A431 carcinoma cells exhibited enhanced angiogenic and metastatic potential such as reduced cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, increased invasiveness, and production of a secretion with increased chorioallantoic membrane angiogenic activity. Consistent with these observations, quantitative proteomics revealed that under hypoxia the tumor cells secreted proteins involved in angiogenesis, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and immune cell recruitment. Unexpectedly, the secreted proteins were predominantly cytoplasmic and membrane proteins. Ultracentrifugation at 100,000 x g precipitated 54% of the secreted proteins and enriched for many exosome-associated proteins such as the tetraspanins and Alix and also proteins with the potential to facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis. Two tetraspanins, CD9 and CD81, co-immunoprecipitated. Together, these data suggested that tumor cells secrete proteins and exosomes with the potential to modulate their microenvironment and facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
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Wulff T, Jessen F, Roepstorff P, Hoffmann EK. Long term anoxia in rainbow trout investigated by 2-DE and MS/MS. Proteomics 2008; 8:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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