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Meskó N, Kowal M, Láng A, Kocsor F, Bandi SA, Putz A, Sorokowski P, Frederick DA, García FE, Aguilar LA, Studzinska A, Tan CS, Gjoneska B, Milfont TL, Topcu Bulut M, Grigoryev D, Aavik T, Boussena M, Mattiassi ADA, Afhami R, Amin R, Baiocco R, Brahim H, Can AR, Carneiro J, Çetinkaya H, Chubinidze D, Deschrijver E, Don Y, Dubrov D, Duyar I, Jovic M, Kamburidis JA, Khan F, Khun-Inkeeree H, Koso-Drljevic M, Lacko D, Massar K, Morelli M, Natividade JC, Nyhus EK, Park JH, Pazhoohi F, Pirtskhalava E, Ponnet K, Prokop P, Šakan D, Tulyakul S, Wang AH, Aquino SD, Atamtürk DD, Burduli N, Chirumbolo A, Dural S, Etchezahar E, Ghahraman Moharrampour N, Aczel B, Kozma L, Lins S, Manunta E, Marot T, Mebarak M, Miroshnik KG, Misetic K, Papadatou-Pastou M, Bakos B, Sahli FZ, Singh S, Solak Ç, Volkodav T, Wlodarczyk A, Akello G, Argyrides M, Çoker O, Galasinska K, Gómez Yepes T, Kobylarek A, Landa-Blanco M, Mayorga M, Özener B, Pacquing MCT, Reyes MES, Şahin A, Tamayo-Agudelo W, Topanova G, Toplu-Demirtaş E, Türkan BN, Zumárraga-Espinosa M, Grassini S, Antfolk J, Cornec C, Pisanski K, Stöckli S, Eder SJ, Han H. Exploring Attitudes Toward "Sugar Relationships" Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:811-837. [PMID: 38127113 PMCID: PMC10844470 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Marta Kowal
- IDN Human Being Lab, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kocsor
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs A Bandi
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Adam Putz
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | | | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Felipe E García
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo A Aguilar
- School of Psychology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Chee-Seng Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | | | - Dmitry Grigoryev
- Center for Sociocultural Research, HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mahmoud Boussena
- Departement of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, University Setif2, Setif, Algeria
| | - Alan D A Mattiassi
- Department of Education, Languages, Interculture, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rizwana Amin
- Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamdaoui Brahim
- Idepartment of Sociologie, University of Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ali R Can
- Department of Anthropology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Joao Carneiro
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Dimitri Chubinidze
- Psychological Set Research and Correction Center, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eliane Deschrijver
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yahya Don
- School of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Izzet Duyar
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marija Jovic
- Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Julia A Kamburidis
- Department of General, Experimental and Genetic Psychology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Farah Khan
- Institute of Education & Research, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | | | - Maida Koso-Drljevic
- Department of Psychology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - David Lacko
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Morelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean C Natividade
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ellen K Nyhus
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ju Hee Park
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ekaterine Pirtskhalava
- Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Imec-Mict-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušana Šakan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Singha Tulyakul
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Thaksin University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Austin H Wang
- Political Science, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Sibele D Aquino
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Derya D Atamtürk
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nana Burduli
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Edgardo Etchezahar
- Education Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Ciipme Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luca Kozma
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
- Division of Psychology, School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - Samuel Lins
- Departament of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Tiago Marot
- Department of Administration, Getúlio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Moises Mebarak
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Puerto Colombia, Colombia
| | - Kirill G Miroshnik
- Department of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Katarina Misetic
- Department of Psychology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Bence Bakos
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fatima Zahra Sahli
- Institute of Sports Professions, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Çağlar Solak
- Department of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Tatiana Volkodav
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Marios Argyrides
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Ogeday Çoker
- Department of Psychology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Galasinska
- Department of Psychology, Center For Research On Biological Basis of Social Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Talía Gómez Yepes
- Department of Education, International University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Landa-Blanco
- School of Psychological Sciences, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marlon Mayorga
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador-Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Barış Özener
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Marc Eric S Reyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Gulmira Topanova
- Department of Theoretical and Practical Psychology, Kazakh National Women's Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Mef University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Simone Grassini
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Clément Cornec
- ENES Bioacoustics Research Lab, CRNL, CNRS, Insern, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- ENES Bioacoustics Research Lab, CRNL, CNRS, Insern, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sabrina Stöckli
- Department of Business Administration, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hyemin Han
- Educational Psychology Program, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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