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Bustos AY, Taranto MP, Gerez CL, Agriopoulou S, Smaoui S, Varzakas T, Enshasy HAE. Recent Advances in the Understanding of Stress Resistance Mechanisms in Probiotics: Relevance for the Design of Functional Food Systems. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10273-9. [PMID: 38829565 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, more and more scientific community, food producers, and food industry show increased interest in functional foods containing probiotics, which is a big challenge. The consumption of probiotics in the context of a balanced diet through the consumption of functional foods or through the intake of pharmaceutical preparations has proven to contribute to the improvement of human health, even contributing to the prevention of diseases. In order for probiotics to be considered suitable for consumption, they must contain a minimum concentration of viable cells, namely, at least 107 colony forming units of beneficial microbes per gram. Ensuring the viability of bacterial cells until the moment of consumption is the overriding priority of functional probiotic food manufacturers. Probiotic bacteria are subject to stress conditions not only during food manufacturing but also during gastrointestinal passage, which limit or even compromise their functionality. This paper first examines all the stressful conditions faced by probiotic cells in their production stages and related to the conditions present in the bioreactor fermentation and drying processes as well as factors related to the food matrix and storage. The stress situations faced by probiotic microorganisms during the gastrointestinal transit especially during stomach and intestinal residence are also analyzed. In order to understand the adaptation mechanisms of probiotic bacteria to gastrointestinal stress, intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms identified in probiotic strains in response to acid stress and to bile and bile acid stress are analyzed. In addition, improvement strategies for multiple stress tolerance of lactic acid bacteria through directions dealing with stress, accumulation of metabolites, use of protectants, and regulation of technological parameters are examined. Finally, the definition of postbiotics, inanimate microorganisms and/or their components conferring health benefits, is also introduced. Postbiotics include cell lysates, enzymes, and cell wall fragments derived from probiotic bacteria and may represent an alternative to the use of probiotics, when they do not tolerate stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Yanina Bustos
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL/UNSE-CONICET), RN 9-Km 1125, (4206), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, (4200), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y de La Salud (FHU), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, (4200), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - María Pía Taranto
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CONICET-CERELA), Chacabuco 145, (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carla Luciana Gerez
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CONICET-CERELA), Chacabuco 145, (4000), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100, Antikalamos Messinia, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100, Antikalamos Messinia, Kalamata, Greece.
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Borg Al Arab, 21934, Egypt
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Tunçer E, Bayramoğlu B. Molecular dynamics simulations of duodenal self assembly in the presence of different fatty acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bustos AY, Angeles Frias M, Ledesma AE. Biophysical and Structural Insights in α‐Amylase and Bile Acids interaction. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Y. Bustos
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA) Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Av. Belgrano Sur 1912 4200. Santiago del Estero Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud (FHU) Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Av. Belgrano Sur 1912 4200. Santiago del Estero Argentina
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL-UNSE- CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero RN 9, km 1125, (4206) Santiago del Estero Argentina
| | - María Angeles Frias
- Applied Biophysics and Food Research Center CIBAAL-UNSE-CONICET) Laboratory of Biointerphases and Biomimetic Systems. Santiago del Estero Argentina
| | - Ana E. Ledesma
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL-UNSE- CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero RN 9, km 1125, (4206) Santiago del Estero Argentina
- Departamento Académico de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologías Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero Av. Belgrano Sur 1912 4200 Santiago del Estero Argentina
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Screening of Lactobacillus strains that enhance SCFA uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Tarrah A, Dos Santos Cruz BC, Sousa Dias R, da Silva Duarte V, Pakroo S, Licursi de Oliveira L, Gouveia Peluzio MC, Corich V, Giacomini A, Oliveira de Paula S. Lactobacillus paracasei DTA81, a cholesterol-lowering strain having immunomodulatory activity, reveals gut microbiota regulation capability in BALB/c mice receiving high-fat diet. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1942-1957. [PMID: 33709536 PMCID: PMC8518695 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aims In‐vitro/In‐vivo evaluation of cholesterol‐lowering probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei DTA81 and the possible connection with the gut microbiota modulation. Methods and Results In the present study, strain DTA81 has been evaluated for the possible influence on blood lipid and glucose concentrations, modulation of the immune system, gastrointestinal survivability and modulation of gut microbiota in BALB/c mice receiving a high‐fat diet. After 6 weeks of treatment, a significant reduction of total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar (FBS) among animals treated with L. paracasei DTA81 has been recorded. Comparison of colon tissue levels of different cytokines revealed a significant reduction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6. The comparison of gut microbiota using the 16S rRNA approach indicated that the treatment with L. paracasei DTA81 significantly increased the taxa Bacteroidetes and Coprococcus. Moreover, the genome of DTA81 was sequenced for the in‐silico assessment, and the analysis indicated the presence of cholesterol assimilation‐related genes as well as the absence of negative traits such as transmissible antibiotic resistance genes, plasmids and prophage regions. Conclusion The outcome of this study revealed the in‐vitro and in‐vivo properties of L. paracasei DTA81 and the possible mechanism between consumption of this strain, the abundance of Bacteriodetes/Coprococcus taxa, immunomodulatory activity and the subsequent reduction of cholesterol/FBS in BALB/c mice. Significance and Impact of the Study Lactobacillus paracasei DTA81 as a non‐pharmacological potential probiotic supplement can influence metabolic homeostasis in individuals, particularly those adopting high‐fat diets, and it can contribute to reduce coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tarrah
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universitá, Italy
| | - B C Dos Santos Cruz
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R Sousa Dias
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - V da Silva Duarte
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universitá, Italy
| | - S Pakroo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universitá, Italy
| | - L Licursi de Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M C Gouveia Peluzio
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - V Corich
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universitá, Italy
| | - A Giacomini
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universitá, Italy
| | - S Oliveira de Paula
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zheng F, Wang T, Niu C, Jia Y, Zheng R, Liu C, Wang J, Li Q. Proteomic Analysis of Hop Bitter Compound Iso-α-acid Tolerance in Beer Spoilage Lactobacillus casei 2-9-5. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1864710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianmu Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengtuo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruilong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Panwar H, Rokana N, Aparna SV, Kaur J, Singh A, Singh J, Singh KS, Chaudhary V, Puniya AK. Gastrointestinal stress as innate defence against microbial attack. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1035-1061. [PMID: 32869386 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been bestowed with the most difficult task of protecting the underlying biological compartments from the resident commensal flora and the potential pathogens in transit through the GI tract. It has a unique environment in which several defence tactics are at play while maintaining homeostasis and health. The GI tract shows myriad number of environmental extremes, which includes pH variations, anaerobic conditions, nutrient limitations, elevated osmolarity etc., which puts a check to colonization and growth of nonfriendly microbial strains. The GI tract acts as a highly selective barrier/platform for ingested food and is the primary playground for balance between the resident and uninvited organisms. This review focuses on antimicrobial defense mechanisms of different sections of human GI tract. In addition, the protective mechanisms used by microbes to combat the human GI defence systems are also discussed. The ability to survive this innate defence mechanism determines the capability of probiotic or pathogen strains to confer health benefits or induce clinical events respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S V Aparna
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, India
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - K S Singh
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - V Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A K Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Horackova S, Vesela K, Klojdova I, Bercikova M, Plockova M. Bile salt hydrolase activity, growth characteristics and surface properties in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Probiotic potential and biofilm inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus casei group strains isolated from infant feces. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: the role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res Int 2018; 112:250-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Horáčková Š, Plocková M, Demnerová K. Importance of microbial defence systems to bile salts and mechanisms of serum cholesterol reduction. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:682-690. [PMID: 29248683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An important feature of the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the case of administered probiotic microorganisms, is their resistance to conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly tolerance to and growth in the presence of bile salts. Bacteria can use several defence mechanisms against bile, including special transport mechanisms, the synthesis of various types of surface proteins and fatty acids or the production of exopolysaccharides. The ability to enzymatically hydrolyse bile salts occurs in a variety of bacteria. Choloylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.24), a bile salt hydrolase, is a constitutive intracellular enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of an amide bond between glycine or taurine and the steroid nucleus of bile acids. Its presence was demonstrated in specific microorganisms from several bacterial genera (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp.). Occurrence and gene arrangement encoding this enzyme are highly variable in probiotic microorganisms. Bile salt hydrolase activity may provide the possibility to use the released amino acids by bacteria as sources of carbon and nitrogen, to facilitate detoxification of bile or to support the incorporation of cholesterol into the cell wall. Deconjugation of bile salts may be directly related to a lowering of serum cholesterol levels, from which conjugated bile salts are synthesized de novo. Furthermore, the ability of microorganisms to assimilate or to bind ingested cholesterol to the cell wall or to eliminate it by co-precipitation with released cholic acid was also documented. Some intestinal microflora produce cholesterol reductase that catalyses the conversion of cholesterol to insoluble coprostanol, which is subsequently excreted in faeces, thereby also reducing the amount of exogenous cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Horáčková
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Milada Plocková
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Demnerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Bengoa AA, Zavala L, Carasi P, Trejo SA, Bronsoms S, Serradell MDLÁ, Garrote GL, Abraham AG. Simulated gastrointestinal conditions increase adhesion ability of Lactobacillus paracasei strains isolated from kefir to Caco-2 cells and mucin. Food Res Int 2017; 103:462-467. [PMID: 29389636 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal conditions along the digestive tract are the main stress to which probiotics administrated orally are exposed because they must survive these adverse conditions and arrive alive to the intestine. Adhesion to epithelium has been considered one of the key criteria for the characterization of probiotics because it extends their residence time in the intestine and as a consequence, can influence the health of the host by modifying the local microbiota or modulating the immune response. Nevertheless, there are very few reports on the adhesion properties to epithelium and mucus of microorganisms after passing through the gastrointestinal tract. In the present work, we evaluate the adhesion ability in vitro of L. paracasei strains isolated from kefir grains after acid and bile stress and we observed that they survive simulated gastrointestinal passage in different levels depending on the strain. L. paracasei CIDCA 8339, 83120 and 83123 were more resistant than L. paracasei CIDCA 83121 and 83124, with a higher susceptibility to simulated gastric conditions. Proteomic analysis of L. paracasei subjected to acid and bile stress revealed that most of the proteins that were positively regulated correspond to the glycolytic pathway enzymes, with an overall effect of stress on the activation of the energy source. Moreover, it is worth to remark that after gastrointestinal passage, L. paracasei strains have increased their ability to adhere to mucin and epithelial cells in vitro being this factor of relevance for maintenance of the strain in the gut environment to exert its probiotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agustina Bengoa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT La Plata, CIC.PBA, 47 y 116, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Zavala
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT La Plata, CIC.PBA, 47 y 116, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Carasi
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Dpto. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Alejandro Trejo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE); Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT La Plata, CIC; 526 y Camino Gral Belgrano, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, España
| | | | - María de Los Ángeles Serradell
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Dpto. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Liliana Garrote
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT La Plata, CIC.PBA, 47 y 116, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Graciela Abraham
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT La Plata, CIC.PBA, 47 y 116, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Área Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata; 47 y 115, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mondal KC, Ray M, Ghosh K, Har PK, Singh SN. Fortification of Rice Gruel into Functional Beverage and Establishment as a Carrier of Newly Isolated Bifidobacterium sp. MKK4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2017.102.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Kebouchi M, Galia W, Genay M, Soligot C, Lecomte X, Awussi AA, Perrin C, Roux E, Dary-Mourot A, Le Roux Y. Implication of sortase-dependent proteins of Streptococcus thermophilus in adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell lines and bile salt tolerance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3667-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Dawson PA, Karpen SJ. Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1085-99. [PMID: 25210150 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r054114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their classical roles as detergents to aid in the process of digestion, bile acids have been identified as important signaling molecules that function through various nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors to regulate a myriad of cellular and molecular functions across both metabolic and nonmetabolic pathways. Signaling via these pathways will vary depending on the tissue and the concentration and chemical structure of the bile acid species. Important determinants of the size and composition of the bile acid pool are their efficient enterohepatic recirculation, their host and microbial metabolism, and the homeostatic feedback mechanisms connecting hepatocytes, enterocytes, and the luminal microbiota. This review focuses on the mammalian intestine, discussing the physiology of bile acid transport, the metabolism of bile acids in the gut, and new developments in our understanding of how intestinal metabolism, particularly by the gut microbiota, affects bile acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Ruiz L, Margolles A, Sánchez B. Bile resistance mechanisms in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:396. [PMID: 24399996 PMCID: PMC3872040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Most of the probiotic bacteria currently available in the market belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and specific health-promoting activities, such as treatment of diarrhea or amelioration of gastrointestinal discomfort, have been attributed to them. In order to be able to survive the gastrointestinal transit and transiently colonize our gut, these bacteria must be able to counteract the deleterious action of bile salts, which are the main components of bile. Bile salts are detergent-like biological substances synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. Host enzymes conjugate the newly synthesized free bile acids in the liver with the amino acids glycine or taurine, generating conjugated bile salts. These compounds are stored in the gall bladder and they are released into the duodenum during digestion to perform their physiological function, which is the solubilization of fat coming from diet. These bile salts possess strong antimicrobial activity, since they are able to disorganize the structure of the cell membrane, as well as trigger DNA damage. This means that bacteria inhabiting our intestinal tract must have intrinsic resistance mechanisms to cope with bile salts. To do that, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium display a variety of proteins devoted to the efflux of bile salts or protons, to modify sugar metabolism or to prevent protein misfolding. In this manuscript, we review and discuss specific bile resistance mechanisms, as well as the processes responsible for the adaptation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli to bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ruiz
- Laboratory of Probiotics and Prebiotics, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Laboratory of Probiotics and Prebiotics, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Asturias, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Laboratory of Probiotics and Prebiotics, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Asturias, Spain
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Bustos AY, Saavedra L, de Valdez GF, Raya RR, Taranto MP. Relationship between bile salt hydrolase activity, changes in the internal pH and tolerance to bile acids in lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1511-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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