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Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
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2
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Gillam EMJ, Kramlinger VM. Opportunities for Accelerating Drug Discovery and Development by Using Engineered Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:392-402. [PMID: 36460479 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of drug metabolism is fundamental to drug discovery and development (DDD) since by mediating the clearance of most drugs, metabolic enzymes influence their bioavailability and duration of action. Biotransformation can also produce pharmacologically active or toxic products, which complicates the evaluation of the therapeutic benefit versus liability of potential drugs but also provides opportunities to explore the chemical space around a lead. The structures and relative abundance of metabolites are determined by the substrate and reaction specificity of biotransformation enzymes and their catalytic efficiency. Preclinical drug biotransformation studies are done to quantify in vitro intrinsic clearance to estimate likely in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, to predict an appropriate dose, and to anticipate interindividual variability in response, including from drug-drug interactions. Such studies need to be done rapidly and cheaply, but native enzymes, especially in microsomes or hepatocytes, do not always produce the full complement of metabolites seen in extrahepatic tissues or preclinical test species. Furthermore, yields of metabolites are usually limiting. Engineered recombinant enzymes can make DDD more comprehensive and systematic. Additionally, as renewable, sustainable, and scalable resources, they can also be used for elegant chemoenzymatic, synthetic approaches to optimize or synthesize candidates as well as metabolites. Here, we will explore how these new tools can be used to enhance the speed and efficiency of DDD pipelines and provide a perspective on what will be possible in the future. The focus will be on cytochrome P450 enzymes to illustrate paradigms that can be extended in due course to other drug-metabolizing enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein engineering can generate enhanced versions of drug-metabolizing enzymes that are more stable, better suited to industrial conditions, and have altered catalytic activities, including catalyzing non-natural reactions on structurally complex lead candidates. When applied to drugs in development, libraries of engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes can accelerate the identification of active or toxic metabolites, help elucidate structure activity relationships, and, when combined with other synthetic approaches, provide access to novel structures by regio- and stereoselective functionalization of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (E.M.J.G.) and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (V.M.K.)
| | - Valerie M Kramlinger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (E.M.J.G.) and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (V.M.K.)
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3
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Dippe M, Herrmann S, Pecher P, Funke E, Pietzsch M, Wessjohann L. Engineered bacterial flavin-dependent monooxygenases for the regiospecific hydroxylation of polycyclic phenols. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100480. [PMID: 34979058 PMCID: PMC9303722 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase (4HPA3H), a flavin-dependent monooxygenase from E. coli that catalyzes the hydroxylation of monophenols to catechols, was modified by rational re-design to convert also more bulky substrates, especially phenolic natural products like phenylpropanoids, flavones or coumarins. Selected amino acid positions in the binding pocket of 4HPA3H were exchanged by residues from the homologous protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yielding variants with improved conversion of spacious substrates such as the flavonoid naringenin or the alkaloid mimetic 2-hydroxycarbazole. Reactions were followed by an adapted Fe(III)-catechol chromogenic assay selective for the products. Especially substitution of the residue Y301 facilitated modulation of substrate specificity: introduction of non-aromatic but hydrophobic (iso)leucine resulted in the preference of the substrate ferulic acid (having a guaiacyl (guajacyl) moiety, part of the vanilloid motif) over unsubstituted monophenols. The in vivo (whole-cell biocatalysts) and in vitro (three-enzyme cascade) transformations of substrates by 4HPA3H and its optimized variants was strictly regiospecific and proceeded without generation of by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dippe
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie: Leibniz-Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle/Saale, GERMANY
| | - Susann Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie: Leibniz-Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, GERMANY
| | - Pascal Pecher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry: Leibniz-Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Bioorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Evelyn Funke
- Leibniz-Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Bioorganic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle, GERMANY
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle Saale, GERMANY
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4
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A Promiscuous Bacterial P450: The Unparalleled Diversity of BM3 in Pharmaceutical Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111380. [PMID: 34768811 PMCID: PMC8583553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP102A1 (BM3) is a catalytically self-sufficient flavocytochrome fusion protein isolated from Bacillus megaterium, which displays similar metabolic capabilities to many drug-metabolizing human P450 isoforms. BM3's high catalytic efficiency, ease of production and malleable active site makes the enzyme a desirable tool in the production of small molecule metabolites, especially for compounds that exhibit drug-like chemical properties. The engineering of select key residues within the BM3 active site vastly expands the catalytic repertoire, generating variants which can perform a range of modifications. This provides an attractive alternative route to the production of valuable compounds that are often laborious to synthesize via traditional organic means. Extensive studies have been conducted with the aim of engineering BM3 to expand metabolite production towards a comprehensive range of drug-like compounds, with many key examples found both in the literature and in the wider industrial bioproduction setting of desirable oxy-metabolite production by both wild-type BM3 and related variants. This review covers the past and current research on the engineering of BM3 to produce drug metabolites and highlights its crucial role in the future of biosynthetic pharmaceutical production.
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Schmitz LM, Hageneier F, Rosenthal K, Busche T, Brandt D, Kalinowski J, Lütz S. Recombinant expression and characterization of novel P450s from Actinosynnema mirum. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116241. [PMID: 34139548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are the major contributor in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. Thus, P450s find broad application in the pharmaceutical industry to synthesize metabolites of new active pharmaceutical ingredients in order to evaluate toxicity and pharmacokinetics. As an alternative to human hepatic P450s, microbial P450s offer several advantages, such as an easier and more efficient heterologous expression as well as higher stability under process conditions. Recently, the wild-type strain Actinosynnema mirum has been reported to catalyze hydroxylation reactions with high activity on a broad range of substrates. In this study, one of these substrates, ritonavir, was used to analyze the transcriptional response of the wild-type strain. Analysis of the differential gene expression pattern allowed the assignment of genes potentially responsible for ritonavir conversion. Heterologous expression of these candidates and activity testing led to the identification of a novel P450 that efficiently converts ritonavir resembling the activity of the human CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Hageneier
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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6
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Bi-enzymatic virus-like bionanoreactors for the transformation of endocrine disruptor compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:415-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter describes the asymmetric hydroxylation of steroids on laboratory preparative scale, using engineered variants of P450BM3 (CYP102A1) as enzyme catalyst. The following protocol covers the creation of an Escherichia coli BL21-Gold (DE3) expression strain, including necessary control experiments like plasmid preparation, test expression, and creation of storage cultures, to verify successful experimental access to recombinant expressed P450BM3 variants. The recombinant expressed P450BM3 variants are obtained as cleared cell lysate and used in a biotransformation setup to hydroxylate 2.8 mg and up to 15 mg testosterone in the presented protocol. Since P450BM3 depends on NADPH as an electron source for the reaction, a glucose and glucose dehydrogenate based recycling system is added to the reaction. The protocol further includes liquid-liquid extraction of hydroxytestosterone and directs the experimenter to compound purification via column chromatography.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Xiong S, Wang Y, Yao M, Liu H, Zhou X, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Cell foundry with high product specificity and catalytic activity for 21-deoxycortisol biotransformation. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:105. [PMID: 28610588 PMCID: PMC5470312 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 21-deoxycortisol (21-DF) is the key intermediate to manufacture pharmaceutical glucocorticoids. Recently, a Japan patent has realized 21-DF production via biotransformation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) by purified steroid 11β-hydroxylase CYP11B1. Due to the less costs on enzyme isolation, purification and stabilization as well as cofactors supply, whole-cell should be preferentially employed as the biocatalyst over purified enzymes. No reports as so far have demonstrated a whole-cell system to produce 21-DF. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a whole-cell biocatalyst to achieve 21-DF transformation with high catalytic activity and product specificity. Results In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655(DE3), which exhibited the highest substrate transportation rate among other tested chassises, was employed as the host cell to construct our biocatalyst by co-expressing heterologous CYP11B1 together with bovine adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase. Through screening CYP11B1s (with mutagenesis at N-terminus) from nine sources, Homo sapiens CYP11B1 mutant (G25R/G46R/L52 M) achieved the highest 21-DF transformation rate at 10.6 mg/L/h. Furthermore, an optimal substrate concentration of 2.4 g/L and a corresponding transformation rate of 16.2 mg/L/h were obtained by screening substrate concentrations. To be noted, based on structural analysis of the enzyme-substrate complex, two types of site-directed mutations were designed to adjust the relative position between the catalytic active site heme and the substrate. Accordingly, 1.96-fold enhancement on 21-DF transformation rate (to 47.9 mg/L/h) and 2.78-fold improvement on product/by-product ratio (from 0.36 to 1.36) were achieved by the combined mutagenesis of F381A/L382S/I488L. Eventually, after 38-h biotransformation in shake-flask, the production of 21-DF reached to 1.42 g/L with a yield of 52.7%, which is the highest 21-DF production as known. Conclusions Heterologous CYP11B1 was manipulated to construct E. coli biocatalyst converting 17-OHP to 21-DF. Through the strategies in terms of (1) screening enzymes (with N-terminal mutagenesis) sources, (2) optimizing substrate concentration, and most importantly (3) rational design novel mutants aided by structural analysis, the 21-DF transformation rate was stepwise improved by 19.5-fold along with 4.67-fold increase on the product/byproduct ratio. Eventually, the highest 21-DF reported production was achieved in shake-flask after 38-h biotransformation. This study highlighted above described methods to obtain a high efficient and specific biocatalyst for the desired biotransformation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0720-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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Ciaramella A, Minerdi D, Gilardi G. Catalytically self-sufficient cytochromes P450 for green production of fine chemicals. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Ledford C, McMahon M, Whitesell A, Khan G, Kandagatla SK, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Raner GM. A dual substrate kinetic model for cytochrome P450 BM3-F87G catalysis: simultaneous binding of long chain aldehydes and 4-fluorophenol. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:311-321. [PMID: 27864654 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model for binding and catalysis associated with the stimulation of 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) oxidation in the presence of long chain aldehydes by the enzymatic catalyst, cytochrome P450BM3-F87G. RESULTS A variation of the Michaeli-Menten kinetic model was employed to describe interactions at the active site of the enzyme, along with computer aided modeling approaches. In addition to the hydroquinone product arising from de-fluorination of 4-FP, a second product (p-fluorocatechol) was also observed and, like the hydroquinone, its rate of formation increased in the presence of the aldehyde. When only aldehyde was present with the enzyme, BM3-F87G catalyzed its oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid; however, this activity was inhibited when 4-FP was added to the reaction. A 3D computer model of the active site containing both aldehyde and 4-FP was generated, guided by these kinetic observations. Finally, partitioning between the two phenolic products was examined with an emphasis on the conditions directing the initial epoxidation at either the 2,3- or 3,4-positions on the substrate. Temperature, reaction time, substrate concentration, and the structure of the aldehyde had no substantial effect on the overall product ratios, however the NADPH coupling efficiency decreased when unsaturated aldehydes were included, or when the temperature of the reaction was reduced. CONCLUSIONS The unsaturated aldehyde, trans-2-decenal, stimulates BM3-F87G catalyzed oxidation of 4-fluorophenol through a cooperative active site binding mode that doesn't influence product distributions or coupling efficiencies, while 4-fluorophenol acts as a competitive inhibitor of aldehyde oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Ledford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Monica McMahon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Whitesell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ghalib Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Suneel K Kandagatla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Gregory M Raner
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA.
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12
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Girvan HM, Munro AW. Applications of microbial cytochrome P450 enzymes in biotechnology and synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:136-45. [PMID: 27015292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are a superfamily of monooxygenase enzymes with enormous potential for synthetic biology applications. Across Nature, their substrate range is vast and exceeds that of other enzymes. The range of different chemical transformations performed by P450s is also substantial, and continues to expand through interrogation of the properties of novel P450s and by protein engineering studies. The ability of P450s to introduce oxygen atoms at specific positions on complex molecules makes these enzymes particularly valuable for applications in synthetic biology. This review focuses on the enzymatic properties and reaction mechanisms of P450 enzymes, and on recent studies that highlight their broad applications in the production of oxychemicals. For selected soluble bacterial P450s (notably the high-activity P450-cytochrome P450 reductase enzyme P450 BM3), variants with a multitude of diverse substrate selectivities have been generated both rationally and by random mutagenesis/directed evolution approaches. This highlights the robustness and malleability of the P450 fold, and the capacity of these biocatalysts to oxidise a wide range of chemical scaffolds. This article reviews recent research on the application of wild-type and engineered P450s in the production of important chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and drug metabolites, steroids and antibiotics. In addition, the properties of unusual members of the P450 superfamily that do not follow the canonical P450 catalytic pathway are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Girvan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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13
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Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Expanding the toolbox of organic chemists: directed evolution of P450 monooxygenases as catalysts in regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2208-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) have been used for more than six decades as catalysts for the CH-activating oxidative hydroxylation of organic compounds with formation of added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
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