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Kruse L, Loeschcke A, de Witt J, Wierckx N, Jaeger K, Thies S. Halopseudomonas species: Cultivation and molecular genetic tools. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14369. [PMID: 37991430 PMCID: PMC10832565 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Halopseudomonas species, formerly classified as Pseudomonas pertucinogena lineage, form a unique phylogenetic branch within the Pseudomonads. Most strains have recently been isolated from challenging habitats including oil- or metal-polluted sites, deep sea, and intertidal zones, suggesting innate resilience to physical and chemical stresses. Despite their comparably small genomes, these bacteria synthesise several biomolecules with biotechnological potential and a role in the degradation of anthropogenic pollutants has been suggested for some Halopseudomonads. Until now, these bacteria are not readily amenable to existing cultivation and cloning methods. We addressed these limitations by selecting four Halopseudomonas strains of particular interest, namely H. aestusnigri, H. bauzanensis, H. litoralis, and H. oceani to establish microbiological and molecular genetic methods. We found that C4 -C10 dicarboxylic acids serve as viable carbon sources in both complex and mineral salt cultivation media. We also developed plasmid DNA transfer protocols and assessed vectors with different origins of replication and promoters inducible with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside, l-arabinose, and salicylate. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the simultaneous genomic integration of expression cassettes into one and two attTn7 integration sites. Our results provide a valuable toolbox for constructing robust chassis strains and highlight the biotechnological potential of Halopseudomonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzie Kruse
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jan de Witt
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: BiotechnologyJülichGermany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: BiotechnologyJülichGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: BiotechnologyJülichGermany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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Ravi K, Abdelaziz OY, Nöbel M, García-Hidalgo J, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Hulteberg CP, Lidén G. Bacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 30923564 PMCID: PMC6420747 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a potential feedstock for microbial conversion into various chemicals. However, the microbial degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and chemical depolymerization is needed to obtain reasonable conversion rates. In the current study, nine bacterial strains belonging to the Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus genera were evaluated for their ability to grow on alkaline-treated softwood lignin as a sole carbon source. RESULTS Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 and Rhodococcus opacus DSM1069 showed the best growth of the tested species on plates with lignin. Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized softwood Kraft lignin (DL) at a concentration of 1 g/L. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that R. opacus consumed most of the available lower-molecular weight compounds (approximately 0.1-0.4 kDa) in the DL, but the weight distribution of larger fractions was almost unaffected. Importantly, the consumed compounds included guaiacol-one of the main monomers in the DL. SEC analysis of P. fluorescens culture broth, in contrast, did not show a large conversion of low-molecular weight compounds, and guaiacol remained unconsumed. However, a significant shift in molecular weight distribution towards lower average weights was seen after cultivation with P. fluorescens. CONCLUSIONS Rhodococcus opacus and P. fluorescens were identified as two potential microbial candidates for the conversion/consumption of base-catalyzed depolymerized lignin, acting on low- and high-molecular weight lignin fragments, respectively. These findings will be of relevance for designing bioconversion of softwood Kraft lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Javier García-Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Lidén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Ravi K, Abdelaziz OY, Nöbel M, García-Hidalgo J, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Hulteberg CP, Lidén G. Bacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:240. [PMID: 30202435 PMCID: PMC6123935 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a potential feedstock for microbial conversion into various chemicals. However, the degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and depolymerization is needed to obtain reasonable conversion rates. In the current study, base-catalyzed depolymerization-using NaOH (5 wt%)-of softwood Kraft lignin was conducted in a continuous-flow reactor system at temperatures in the range 190-240 °C and residence times of 1 or 2 min. The ability of growth of nine bacterial strains belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus was tested using the alkaline-treated lignin as a sole carbon source. RESULTS Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhodococcus opacus showed the best growth of the tested species on plates with lignin. Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized lignin (DL) at a concentration of 1 g/L. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that R. opacus consumed most of the available lower molecular weight compounds (approximately 0.1-0.4 kDa) in the DL, but the weight distribution of larger fractions was almost unaffected. Importantly, the consumed compounds included guaiacol-one of the main monomers in the DL. SEC analysis of P. fluorescens culture broth, in contrast, did not show a large conversion of low molecular weight compounds, and guaiacol remained unconsumed. However, a significant shift in molecular weight distribution towards lower average weights was seen. CONCLUSIONS Rhodococcus opacus and P. fluorescens were identified as two potential microbial candidates for the conversion/consumption of base-catalyzed depolymerized lignin, acting on low and high molecular weight lignin fragments, respectively. These findings will be of relevance for designing bioconversion of softwood Kraft lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Javier García-Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Lidén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Gordeev AA, Chetverin AB. Methods for Screening Live Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:S81-S102. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The response of aggregated Pseudomonas putida CP1 cells to UV-C and UV-A/B disinfection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:185. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Haaber J, Cohn MT, Petersen A, Ingmer H. Simple method for correct enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 125:58-63. [PMID: 27080188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Optical density (OD) measurement is applied universally to estimate cell numbers of microorganisms growing in liquid cultures. It is a fast and reliable method but is based on the assumption that the bacteria grow as single cells of equal size and that the cells are dispersed evenly in the liquid culture. When grown in such liquid cultures, the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is characterized by its aggregation of single cells into clusters of variable size. Here, we show that aggregation during growth in the laboratory standard medium tryptic soy broth (TSB) is common among clinical and laboratory S. aureus isolates and that aggregation may introduce significant bias when applying standard enumeration methods on S. aureus growing in laboratory batch cultures. We provide a simple and efficient sonication procedure, which can be applied prior to optical density measurements to give an accurate estimate of cellular numbers in liquid cultures of S. aureus regardless of the aggregation level of the given strain. We further show that the sonication procedure is applicable for accurate determination of cell numbers using agar plate counting of aggregating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haaber
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M T Cohn
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Petersen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; EUPHEM (European Programme for Public Health Microbiology), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - H Ingmer
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lai B, Yu S, Bernhardt PV, Rabaey K, Virdis B, Krömer JO. Anoxic metabolism and biochemical production in Pseudomonas putida F1 driven by a bioelectrochemical system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:39. [PMID: 26893611 PMCID: PMC4758010 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas putida is a promising host for the bioproduction of chemicals, but its industrial applications are significantly limited by its obligate aerobic character. The aim of this paper is to empower the anoxic metabolism of wild-type Pseudomonas putida to enable bioproduction anaerobically, with the redox power from a bioelectrochemical system (BES). RESULTS The obligate aerobe Pseudomonas putida F1 was able to survive and produce almost exclusively 2-Keto-gluconate from glucose under anoxic conditions due to redox balancing with electron mediators in a BES. 2-Keto-gluconate, a precursor for industrial anti-oxidant production, was produced at an overall carbon yield of over 90 % based on glucose. Seven different mediator compounds were tested, and only those with redox potential above 0.207 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode) showed interaction with the cells. The productivity increased with the increasing redox potential of the mediator, indicating this was a key factor affecting the anoxic production process. P. putida cells survived under anaerobic conditions, and limited biofilm formation could be observed on the anode's surface. Analysis of the intracellular pools of ATP, ADP and AMP showed that cells had an increased adenylate energy charge suggesting that cells were able to generate energy using the anode as terminal electron acceptor. The analysis of NAD(H) and NADP(H) showed that in the presence of specific extracellular electron acceptors, the NADP(H) pool was more oxidised, while the NAD(H) pool was unchanged. This implies a growth limitation under anaerobic conditions due to a shortage of NADPH and provides a way to limit biomass formation, while allowing cell maintenance and catalysis at high purity and yield. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this study proved the principle that a BES-driven bioconversion of glucose can be achieved for a wild-type obligate aerobe. This non-growth bioconversion was in high yields, high purity and also could deliver the necessary metabolic energy for cell maintenance. By combining this approach with metabolic engineering strategies, this could prove to be a powerful new way to produce bio-chemicals and fuels from renewables in both high yield and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lai
- />Centre for Microbial Electrochemical Systems (CEMES), The University of Queensland, Office 618, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- />Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shiqin Yu
- />Centre for Microbial Electrochemical Systems (CEMES), The University of Queensland, Office 618, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- />Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- />School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- />Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernardino Virdis
- />Centre for Microbial Electrochemical Systems (CEMES), The University of Queensland, Office 618, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- />Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jens O. Krömer
- />Centre for Microbial Electrochemical Systems (CEMES), The University of Queensland, Office 618, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- />Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Ye L, Pelton R, Brook MA, Filipe CDM, Wang H, Brovko L, Griffiths M. Targeted Disinfection of E. coli via Bioconjugation to Photoreactive TiO2. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:448-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300581t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Center for Pulp and Paper Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Robert Pelton
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Center for Pulp and Paper Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Michael A. Brook
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
| | - Carlos D. M. Filipe
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Center for Pulp and Paper Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 43 McGillivray Street, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Luba Brovko
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 43 McGillivray Street, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Mansel Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 43 McGillivray Street, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Huertas MJ, Sáez LP, Roldán MD, Luque-Almagro VM, Martínez-Luque M, Blasco R, Castillo F, Moreno-Vivián C, García-García I. Alkaline cyanide degradation by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 in a batch reactor. Influence of pH. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 179:72-78. [PMID: 20346583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water containing cyanide was biologically detoxified with the bacterial strain Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 in a batch reactor. Volatilization of toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was avoided by using an alkaline medium for the treatment. The operational procedure was optimized to assess cyanide biodegradation at variable pH values and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Using an initial pH of 10 without subsequent adjustment allowed total cyanide to be consumed at a mean rate of approximately 2.81 mg CN(-) L(-1) O.D.(-1) h(-1); however, these conditions posed a high risk of HCN formation. Cyanide consumption was found to be pH-dependent. Thus, no bacterial growth was observed with a controlled pH of 10; on the other hand, pH 9.5 allowed up to 2.31 mg CN(-) L(-1) O.D.(-1) h(-1) to be converted. The combination of a high pH and a low dissolved oxygen saturation (10%) minimized the release of HCN. This study contributes new basic knowledge about this biological treatment, which constitutes an effective alternative to available physico-chemical methods for the purification of wastewater containing cyanide or cyano-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Huertas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Klebensberger J, Birkenmaier A, Geffers R, Kjelleberg S, Philipp B. SiaA and SiaD are essential for inducing autoaggregation as a specific response to detergent stress in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:3073-86. [PMID: 19638175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell aggregation is a stress response and serves as a survival strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 during growth with the toxic detergent Na-dodecylsulfate (SDS). This process involves the psl operon and is linked to c-di-GMP signalling. The induction of cell aggregation in response to SDS was studied. Transposon and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the cupA-operon and the co-transcribed genes siaA (PA0172) and siaD (PA0169) were essential for SDS-induced aggregation. While siaA encodes a putative membrane protein with a HAMP and a PP2C-like phosphatase domain, siaD encodes a putative diguanylate cyclase involved in the biosynthesis of c-di-GMP. Complementation studies uncovered that the loss of SDS-induced aggregation in the formerly isolated spontaneous mutant strain N was caused by a non-functional siaA allele. DNA-microarray analysis of SDS-grown cells revealed consistent activation of eight genes, including cupA1, with known or presumptive important functions in cell aggregation in the parent strain compared with non-aggregating siaA and siaD mutants. A siaAD-dependent increase of cupA1 mRNA levels in SDS-grown cells was also shown by Northern blots. These results clearly demonstrate that SiaAD are essential for inducing cell aggregation as a specific response to SDS and suggest that they are responsible for perceiving and transducing SDS-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Klebensberger
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Biologie, Mikrobielle Okologie, Fach M654, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Schleheck D, Barraud N, Klebensberger J, Webb JS, McDougald D, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 preferentially grows as aggregates in liquid batch cultures and disperses upon starvation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5513. [PMID: 19436737 PMCID: PMC2677461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In both natural and artificial environments, bacteria predominantly grow in biofilms, and bacteria often disperse from biofilms as freely suspended single-cells. In the present study, the formation and dispersal of planktonic cellular aggregates, or 'suspended biofilms', by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in liquid batch cultures were closely examined, and compared to biofilm formation on a matrix of polyester (PE) fibers as solid surface in batch cultures. Plankton samples were analyzed by laser-diffraction particle-size scanning (LDA) and microscopy of aggregates. Interestingly, LDA indicated that up to 90% of the total planktonic biomass consisted of cellular aggregates in the size range of 10-400 microm in diameter during the growth phase, as opposed to individual cells. In cultures with PE surfaces, P. aeruginosa preferred to grow in biofilms, as opposed to planktonicly. However, upon carbon, nitrogen or oxygen limitation, the planktonic aggregates and PE-attached biofilms dispersed into single cells, resulting in an increase in optical density (OD) independent of cellular growth. During growth, planktonic aggregates and PE-attached biofilms contained densely packed viable cells and extracellular DNA (eDNA), and starvation resulted in a loss of viable cells, and an increase in dead cells and eDNA. Furthermore, a release of metabolites and infective bacteriophage into the culture supernatant, and a marked decrease in intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic di-GMP, was observed in dispersing cultures. Thus, what traditionally has been described as planktonic, individual cell cultures of P. aeruginosa, are in fact suspended biofilms, and such aggregates have behaviors and responses (e.g. dispersal) similar to surface associated biofilms. In addition, we suggest that this planktonic biofilm model system can provide the basis for a detailed analysis of the synchronized biofilm life cycle of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schleheck
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Water and Waste Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolas Barraud
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janosch Klebensberger
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Webb
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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