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Mallamaci R, Conforti F, Statti G, Avato P, Barbarossa A, Meleleo D. Phenolic Compounds from Tropea Red Onion as Dietary Agents for Protection against Heavy Metals Toxicity. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:495. [PMID: 38672765 PMCID: PMC11051521 DOI: 10.3390/life14040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to highlight the cell protective effect of Tropea red onion (TRO) hydroalcoholic extract and some of its components against "non-essential" heavy metals. For this purpose, the cytoprotective roles of cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin against Cd, Hg and Pb and of TRO extract against Hg and Pb have been investigated, and data are reported here. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed evaluation of the protective effect against cell damage induced by "non-essential" heavy metals through the simultaneous administration of cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin with CdCl2, HgCl2 or PbCl2 and the TRO extract against HgCl2 and PbCl2. Present data are also compared with our previous results from the TRO extract against Cd. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was also determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the bovine brain peroxidation assay. Both of the assays indicated a good antioxidant capacity of the extract. Cell viability and the impact on necrotic cell death were examined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 24 h of exposure, Caco-2 cell viability decreased by approximately 50% at 0.25 μM for Cd, Hg and Pb and, after 72 h, the ranking order of "non-essential" heavy metal toxicity on cell viability was PbCl2 > CdCl2 > HgCl2. Cell viability was assessed by treating the cells with the biomolecules at doses of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL for 24 and 72 h. The same analysis was carried out on Caco-2 cells treated with combinations of TRO extract, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, or quercetin and "non-essential" heavy metals. Treatments with the bioactive metabolites did not significantly improve cell viability. The identical treatment of Caco-2 cells produced instead LDH release, suggesting a decrease in cell viability. Consistently with the finding that TRO extract showed a good antioxidant activity, we suggest that its higher cytotoxicity, compared to that of the individual assayed phytochemicals, may be derived by the combined antioxidant and chelating properties of all the molecules present in the extract. Therefore, from all the acquired experimental evidence, it appears that the TRO extract may be a better promising protective agent against the toxic effect of Cd, Hg and Pb compared to its bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Mallamaci
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria-DFSSN, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria-DFSSN, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Pinarosa Avato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniela Meleleo
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Boughammoura S, Zarka M, Messaoudi I, Solal MC. Interactions between cadmium and zinc on gene expression pattern of differentiation markers in MC3T3-E1 cell line. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1038-1046. [PMID: 34338604 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1963881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated, in vitro, the interactions between cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) during the proliferation and differentiation process using bone MC3T3-E1 cell line.Cells were treated with CdCl2 and/or ZnCl2 for 24 and 48 h and 5 µM CdCl2 was found as low cytotoxic dose and 25 µM ZnCl2 as the best Zn treatment for cell proliferation. Gene expression of some bone markers (Runx2, collagen α1 (Colα1), osteocalcin (Oc), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP)) was studied at 24, 48 and 72 h.Treatment by CdCl2 depressed Runx2, Colα1, and BSP mRNA levels after 24 h. Oc and ALP gene expression was found to be decreased after 72 h.CdCl2 -exposure decreased ALP activity and Ca deposit in matrix. In concomitant treatment by CdCl2 and ZnCl2, gene expression of osteoblastic markers was found to be up-regulated (p < 0, 05) compared to CdCl2 treated cells, ALP staining and mineralization were increased.Our results show that Zn could prevent Cd-induced toxicity on MC3T3-E1 cells, probably through the restoration of Runx2, col α1, BSP, ALP and Oc and gene expression inhibited by Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Boughammoura
- LR11ES41: Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mylène Zarka
- U1132: Biologie de l'Os et de Cartilage, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- LR11ES41: Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Martine Cohen Solal
- U1132: Biologie de l'Os et de Cartilage, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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He W, Guo W, Qian Y, Zhang S, Ren D, Liu S. Synergistic hepatotoxicity by cadmium and chlorpyrifos: disordered hepatic lipid homeostasis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:303-8. [PMID: 25707953 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its extensive application, chlorpyrifos (CPF) has contaminated a diverse range of environmental substrates, fruits and vegetables. A number of studies have suggested that CPF may incur adverse effects on human health, including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Additionally, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most prevalent environmental heavy metals, as a result of considerable use in a wide spectrum of industrial fields. Exposure to Cd can cause several lesions in various organs, including the liver, kidneys and lungs. CPF and Cd often co-exist in the environment, food and crops, however, their joint exposure and potential synergistic toxicity are largely neglected and unrecognized. Our previous study characterized an interaction between CPF and Cd, which may occur via bonding between Cd2+ and the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring of CPF, or the chelation between one Cd2+ and two CPF molecules. Our previous study also identified increased hepatotoxicity induced by CPF and Cd together compared with the individual compounds. In the present study, the effects of the concomitant exposure of CPF and Cd on lipid metabolism in hepatocytes was investigated. The results demonstrated an accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, induced by the CPF and Cd complex, which was fundamentally distinct from its parental chemicals. Notably, the molecular mechanism by which the CPF-Cd complex significantly induced hepatic lipogenesis was revealed, elevating the concentrations of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase. These findings pave the way for future studies in recognizing synergistic biological effects between pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco‑Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco‑Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco‑Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco‑Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
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Zhou X, Koizumi Y, Zhang M, Natsui M, Koyota S, Yamada M, Kondo Y, Hamada F, Sugiyama T. Cadmium-coordinated supramolecule suppresses tumor growth of T-cell leukemia in mice. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:635-41. [PMID: 25735932 PMCID: PMC4452166 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic pollutant with occupational and environmental significance, due to its diverse toxic effects. Supramolecules that conjugate and decontaminate toxic metals have potential for use in treatment of cadmium intoxication. In addition, metal-coordinating ability has been postulated to contribute to the cytotoxic effects of anti-tumor agents such as cisplatin or bleomycin. Thiacalixarenes, cyclic oligomers of p-alkylphenol bridged by sulfur atoms, are supramolecules known to have potent coordinating ability to metal ions. In this study, we show that cadmium-coordinated thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfate (TC4ATS-Cd) exhibits an anti-proliferative effect against T-cell leukemia cells. Cadmium exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 36 to 129 μM against epithelia-derived cancer cell lines, while TC4ATS-Cd elicited no significant cytotoxicity (IC50 > 947 μM). However, a number of T-cell leukemia cell lines exhibited marked sensitivity to TC4ATS-Cd. In Jurkat cells, toxicity of TC4ATS-Cd occurred with an IC50 of 6.9 μM, which is comparable to that of 6.5 μM observed for cadmium alone. TC4ATS-Cd induced apoptotic cell death through activation of caspase-3 in Jurkat cells. In a xenograft model, TC4ATS-Cd (13 mg/kg) treatment significantly suppressed the tumor growth of Jurkat cells in mice. In addition, TC4ATS-Cd-treated mice exhibited significantly less cadmium accumulation in liver and kidney compared to equimolar cadmium-treated mice. These results suggest that cadmium-coordinated supramolecules may have therapeutic potential for treatment of T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
- Venture Business Laboratory, Akita UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Yukio Koizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
| | - Muxin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
| | - Souichi Koyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Research Center for Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kondo
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Fumio Hamada
- Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita, Japan
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Gonçalves S, Fernandes AS, Oliveira NG, Marques J, Costa J, Fátima Cabral M, Miranda J, Cipriano M, Guerreiro PS, Castro M. Cytotoxic effects of cadmium in mammary epithelial cells: Protective role of the macrocycle [15]pyN5. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen X, Zhu G, Gu S, Jin T, Shao C. Effects of cadmium on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:232-236. [PMID: 21784008 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) may have direct effects on bone metabolism and the mechanism is not fully understood. To investigate the effects of Cd on bone metabolism, effects of Cd on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro were observed at cellular and molecular levels. Osteoblasts were cultured by sequential enzyme digestion from Sprague-Dawley rats calvarial bone and osteoclasts were isolated from long bones of new-born male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, and then cells were exposed to different concentrations of Cd (0-2.0 μ mol/L for osteoblasts; 0.03 μmol/L for osteoclasts). As for osteoblasts, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization were determined. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) were studied via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For osteoclasts, after exposure to Cd (0.03 μmol/L) for 72 h and 120 h, number of osteoclasts and pits formation was observed. Cd inhibited the viability, ALP activity, mineralization and up-regulated RANKL mRNA expression in osteoblasts. But Cd had no obvious effect on OPG mRNA expression. For osteoclasts, cadmium (0.03 μmol/L) could increase the numbers of osteoclasts (p<0.05) and enhance pits formation (p<0.05). These results suggested that Cd could inhibit bone formation at high concentrations and enhance bone resorption at low level. OPG/RANKL may constitute an important pathway of Cd effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Bone Metabolism, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Smith SS, Reyes JR, Arbon KS, Harvey WA, Hunt LM, Heggland SJ. Cadmium-induced decrease in RUNX2 mRNA expression and recovery by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the human osteoblast-like cell line, Saos-2. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 23:60-6. [PMID: 19017541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium poses a threat to human health, including increased susceptibility to developing the bone disease osteoporosis. Despite its recognized importance as an environmental toxin, little is known about how cadmium directly impacts bone-forming osteoblasts. We previously reported that cadmium induces apoptosis in human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. In this work, we hypothesize that cadmium exposure induces oxidative stress which leads to decreased RUNX2 mRNA expression and increased apoptotic death, and predict that the antioxidant NAC mitigates the damaging effects of cadmium. Oxidative stress is implicated in osteoporosis; furthermore the osteoblast transcriptional factor RUNX2 is reported to play a protective role against osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cells treated with 10 microM CdCl2 exhibited signs of oxidative damage including depletion in glutathione, increased reactive oxygen species formation, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. RUNX2 mRNA expression, by RT-PCR, was significantly reduced after exposure to 10 microM CdCl2. Pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC (1mM) prevented cadmium-induced decrease in RUNX2 mRNA and protected cells from apoptotic death. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced osteotoxicity. In addition, this study distinguishes itself by identifying RUNX2 as a target for heavy metal-induced osteotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Smith
- Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
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Coonse KG, Coonts AJ, Morrison EV, Heggland SJ. Cadmium induces apoptosis in the human osteoblast-like cell line Saos-2. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:575-81. [PMID: 17365611 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600882663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to the heavy metal cadmium has been associated with the development of bone diseases, including osteoporosis and osteomalacia. The mechanisms by which cadmium exerts a direct effect on bone remain unclear. Bone cells go through apoptosis for proper bone remodeling; therefore, it was hypothesized that cadmium disrupts this normal balance by inducing apoptosis. Human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were treated with 10-200 muM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and evaluated by trypan blue staining and phase-contrast microscopy. Exposure to CdCl2 resulted in decreased cell viability and changes in cell morphology characteristic of apoptosis. The role of apoptosis in cadmium-induced toxicity was further evaluated using the fluorescent marker annexin V, which detects externalization of cell membrane phosphatidylserine. Nuclear changes associated with apoptosis were assessed by Hoechst staining and a DNA fragmentation assay. A significant increase in annexin V-positive cells was observed following CdCl2 treatment. Nuclear changes associated with apoptosis, including marginalization and condensing of chromatin and DNA fragmentation, were also observed following CdCl2 treatment. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in Saos-2 cells was also accompanied by an increase in caspase-3 activity. The addition of the caspase-3 inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DEVD-CHO) or the known cadmium chelating agent potassium bis(2-hydroxyethy)dithiocarbamate, (K[bhedtc]), blocked caspase-3 activation induced by cadmium. Collectively, this study has identified a role for apoptosis in cadmium-induced toxicity in bone cells, and provides insight for future studies on mechanisms underlying the disruption of apoptotic signaling cascades in bone and the relationship to bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Coonse
- Department of Biology, Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, USA
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