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Mayo-Wilson C, Zollman KJS. The computational philosophy: simulation as a core philosophical method. SYNTHESE 2021; 199:3647-3673. [PMID: 33716324 PMCID: PMC7944252 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-020-02950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modeling and computer simulations, we claim, should be considered core philosophical methods. More precisely, we will defend two theses. First, philosophers should use simulations for many of the same reasons we currently use thought experiments. In fact, simulations are superior to thought experiments in achieving some philosophical goals. Second, devising and coding computational models instill good philosophical habits of mind. Throughout the paper, we respond to the often implicit objection that computer modeling is "not philosophical."
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Mayo-Wilson
- Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Savery Hall, Room 361, Box 353350 , Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Kevin J. S. Zollman
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Baker Hall 161, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 USA
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Hoover J, Portillo-Wightman G, Yeh L, Havaldar S, Davani AM, Lin Y, Kennedy B, Atari M, Kamel Z, Mendlen M, Moreno G, Park C, Chang TE, Chin J, Leong C, Leung JY, Mirinjian A, Dehghani M. Moral Foundations Twitter Corpus: A Collection of 35k Tweets Annotated for Moral Sentiment. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619876629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that accounting for moral sentiment in natural language can yield insight into a variety of on- and off-line phenomena such as message diffusion, protest dynamics, and social distancing. However, measuring moral sentiment in natural language is challenging, and the difficulty of this task is exacerbated by the limited availability of annotated data. To address this issue, we introduce the Moral Foundations Twitter Corpus, a collection of 35,108 tweets that have been curated from seven distinct domains of discourse and hand annotated by at least three trained annotators for 10 categories of moral sentiment. To facilitate investigations of annotator response dynamics, we also provide psychological and demographic metadata for each annotator. Finally, we report moral sentiment classification baselines for this corpus using a range of popular methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hoover
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Leigh Yeh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ying Lin
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zahra Kamel
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenna Chin
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jun Yen Leung
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Dai J, Zhang Y, Shi V. An Economic Model of Human Cooperation Based on Indirect Reciprocity and Its Implication on Environmental Protection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071303. [PMID: 29933634 PMCID: PMC6068919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been an urgent challenge for environmental protection due to issues like population increase, climate change, and pollution. To address this challenge, sustained human cooperation is critical. However, how cooperation in human beings evolves is one of the 125 most challenging scientific questions, as announced by Science in its 125th anniversary. In this paper, we contribute to answering this question by building an economic game model based on indirect reciprocity and altruism behavior. In our model, there are three types of participants: cooperator, defector, and discriminator. In every round of the game, the cooperator chooses cooperation, the defector chooses non-cooperation, and the choice of the discriminator depends on the choice of his partner in the last round. Our analysis and main result shows that there is no stable evolution equilibrium in this game, which implies that the proportions of different types of players will keep changing instead of reaching a stable equilibrium. In other words, there is no guarantee that cooperation will be dominant in this game. An implication of this result is that to achieve cooperation and protect the environment more effectively, cooperators and discriminators in our society should be provided with incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugui Dai
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- College of Business, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Xulun Honor School, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Victor Shi
- School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2N1E9, Canada.
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