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Jerves Serrano T, Gold J, Cooper JA, Church HJ, Tylee KL, Wu HY, Kim SY, Stepien KM. Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly: An Approach to the Diagnosis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1465. [PMID: 38592278 PMCID: PMC10932313 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical findings of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, the abnormal enlargement of the liver and spleen, respectively, should prompt a broad differential diagnosis that includes metabolic, congestive, neoplastic, infectious, toxic, and inflammatory conditions. Among the metabolic diseases, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare and ultrarare conditions with a collective incidence of 1 in 5000 live births. LSDs are caused by genetic variants affecting the lysosomal enzymes, transporters, or integral membrane proteins. As a result, abnormal metabolites accumulate in the organelle, leading to dysfunction. Therapeutic advances, including early diagnosis and disease-targeted management, have improved the life expectancy and quality of life of people affected by certain LSDs. To access these new interventions, LSDs must be considered in patients presenting with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly throughout the lifespan. This review article navigates the diagnostic approach for individuals with hepatosplenomegaly particularly focusing on LSDs. We provide hints in the history, physical exam, laboratories, and imaging that may identify LSDs. Additionally, we discuss molecular testing, arguably the preferred confirmatory test (over biopsy), accompanied by enzymatic testing when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Gold
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - James A. Cooper
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.A.C.); (H.J.C.); (K.L.T.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Heather J. Church
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.A.C.); (H.J.C.); (K.L.T.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Karen L. Tylee
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.A.C.); (H.J.C.); (K.L.T.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Hoi Yee Wu
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.A.C.); (H.J.C.); (K.L.T.); (H.Y.W.)
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA;
| | - Karolina M. Stepien
- Salford Royal Organization, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases Department, Salford M6 8HD, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Mohamed FE, Al Sorkhy M, Ghattas MA, Al-Zaabi N, Al-Shamsi A, Almansoori TM, Al-Gazali L, Al-Dirbashi OY, Al-Jasmi F, Ali BR. A Novel Homozygous Missense Variant in the NAGA Gene with Extreme Intrafamilial Phenotypic Heterogeneity. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:45-55. [PMID: 31468281 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schindler disease is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGA) activity due to defects in the NAGA gene. Accumulation of the enzyme's substrates results in clinically heterogeneous symptoms ranging from asymptomatic individuals to individuals with severe neurological manifestations. Here, a 5-year-old Emirati male born to consanguineous parents presented with congenital microcephaly and severe neurological manifestations. Whole genome sequencing revealed a homozygous missense variant (c.838C>A; p.L280I) in the NAGA gene. The allele is a reported SNP in the ExAC database with a 0.0007497 allele frequency. The proband's asymptomatic sister and cousin carry the same genotype in a homozygous state as revealed from the family screening. Due to the extreme intrafamilial heterogeneity of the disease as seen in previously reported cases, we performed further analyses to establish the pathogenicity of this variant. Both the proband and his sister showed abnormal urine oligosaccharide patterns, which is consistent with the diagnosis of Schindler disease. The α-NAGA activity was significantly reduced in the proband and his sister with 5.9% and 12.1% of the mean normal activity, respectively. Despite the activity loss, p.L280I α-NAGA processing and trafficking were not affected. However, protein molecular dynamic simulation analysis revealed that this amino acid substitution is likely to affect the enzyme's natural dynamics and hinders its ability to bind to the active site. Functional analysis confirmed the pathogenicity of the identified missense variant and the diagnosis of Schindler disease. Extreme intrafamilial clinical heterogeneity of the disease necessitates further studies for proper genetic counseling and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedah E Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Al Sorkhy
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Ghattas
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nuha Al-Zaabi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisha Al-Shamsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osama Y Al-Dirbashi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Al-Jasmi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. .,Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Hu XG, Bartholomew B, Nash RJ, Wilson FX, Fleet GWJ, Nakagawa S, Kato A, Jia YM, Well RV, Yu CY. Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibition of the Enantiomer of (−)-Steviamine, the First Example of a New Class of Indolizidine Alkaloid. Org Lett 2010; 12:2562-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1007718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guo Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Barbara Bartholomew
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Robert J. Nash
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Francis X. Wilson
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Shinpei Nakagawa
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Yue-Mei Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Renate van Well
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
| | - Chu-Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Ceredigion, Wales, U.K., Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, Summit PLC, 91, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY,
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Staretz-Chacham O, Lang TC, LaMarca ME, Krasnewich D, Sidransky E. Lysosomal storage disorders in the newborn. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1191-207. [PMID: 19336380 PMCID: PMC2768319 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders are rare inborn errors of metabolism, with a combined incidence of 1 in 1500 to 7000 live births. These relatively rare disorders are seldom considered when evaluating a sick newborn. A significant number of the >50 different lysosomal storage disorders, however, do manifest in the neonatal period and should be part of the differential diagnosis of several perinatal phenotypes. We review the earliest clinical features, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for lysosomal storage disorders that can present in the newborn. Although many of the lysosomal storage disorders are characterized by a range in phenotypes, the focus of this review is on the specific symptoms and clinical findings that present in the perinatal period, including neurologic, respiratory, endocrine, and cardiovascular manifestations, dysmorphic features, hepatosplenomegaly, skin or ocular involvement, and hydrops fetalis/congenital ascites. A greater awareness of these features may help to reduce misdiagnosis and promote the early detection of lysosomal storage disorders. Implementing therapy at the earliest stage possible is crucial for several of the lysosomal storage disorders; hence, an early appreciation of these disorders by physicians who treat newborns is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Staretz-Chacham
- Office of the Clinical Director, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tess C. Lang
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary E. LaMarca
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donna Krasnewich
- Office of the Clinical Director, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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