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Pode-Shakked B, Landau YE, Shaul Lotan N, Manor J, Haham N, Kristal E, Hershkovitz E, Hazan G, Haham Y, Almashanu S, Anikster Y, Staretz-Chacham O. The natural history of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in Israel. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 39040027 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal-recessive inborn error of metabolism, affecting no less than five mitochondrial multienzyme complexes. With approximately 30 patients reported to date, DLD deficiency was associated with three major clinical presentations: an early-onset encephalopathic phenotype with metabolic acidosis, a predominantly hepatic presentation with liver failure, and a rare myopathic phenotype. To elucidate the demographic, phenotypic, and molecular characteristics of patients with DLD deficiency within the Israeli population, data were collected from metabolic disease specialists in four large tertiary medical centers in the center and south of Israel. Pediatric and adult patients with biallelic variants in DLD were included in the study. A total of 53 patients of 35 families were included in the cohort. Age at presentation ranged between birth and 10 years. Wide phenotypic variability was observed, from asymptomatic individuals in their sixth decade of life, to severe, neonatal-onset disease with devastating neurological sequelae. Six DLD variants were noted, the most common of which was the c.685G>T (p.G229C) variant in homozygous form (24/53 patients, 45.3%; 13/35 families), observed mostly among patients of Ashkenazi-Jewish descent, followed by the homozygous c.1436A>T (p.D479V) variant, found in 20 patients of Bedouin descent (37.7%; 16/35 families). Overall, patients did not necessarily present as one of the previously described distinct clinical phenotypes. DLD deficiency is a panethnic disorder, with significant phenotypic variability, and comprises a continuum, rather than three distinct clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Pode-Shakked
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval E Landau
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Nava Shaul Lotan
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua Manor
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitsan Haham
- Pediatrics Department, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eyal Kristal
- Pediatric Ambulatory Day Unit, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Eli Hershkovitz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Metabolic Clinic, Pediatric Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Pediatric Department D, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Guy Hazan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Pediatric Department D, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yarden Haham
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Almashanu
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Staretz-Chacham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Metabolic Clinic, Pediatric Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Szabo E, Nagy B, Czajlik A, Komlodi T, Ozohanics O, Tretter L, Ambrus A. Mitochondrial Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes: Recent Developments on Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:295-381. [PMID: 38963492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The present work delves into the enigmatic world of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes discussing their metabolic significance, enzymatic operation, moonlighting activities, and pathological relevance with links to underlying structural features. This ubiquitous family of related but diverse multienzyme complexes is involved in carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), the citric acid cycle (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex), and amino acid catabolism (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase complex); the complexes all function at strategic points and also participate in regulation in these metabolic pathways. These systems are among the largest multienzyme complexes with at times more than 100 protein chains and weights ranging up to ~10 million Daltons. Our chapter offers a wealth of up-to-date information on these multienzyme complexes for a comprehensive understanding of their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Czajlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Komlodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Wongkittichote P, Cuddapah SR, Master SR, Grange DK, Dietzen D, Roper SM, Ganetzky RD. Biochemical characterization of patients with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. JIMD Rep 2023; 64:367-374. [PMID: 37701333 PMCID: PMC10494496 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD; E3) oxidizes lipoic acid. Restoring the oxidized state allows lipoic acid to act as a necessary electron sink for the four mitochondrial keto-acid dehydrogenases: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain α-keto-acid dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase. DLD deficiency (DLDD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in DLD. Three major forms have been described: encephalopathic, hepatic, and myopathic, although DLDD patients exhibit overlapping phenotypes. Hyperlactatemia, hyperexcretion of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites and branched-chain keto acids, increased plasma branched-chain amino acids and allo-isoleucine are intermittent metabolic abnormalities reported in patients with DLDD. However, the diagnostic performance of these metabolites has never been studied. Therefore, we sought to systematically evaluate the diagnostic utility of these biomarkers for DLDD. We retrospectively analyzed the results of biochemical testing of six unrelated DLDD patients, including values obtained during both well visits and acute decompensation episodes. Elevation of branched-chain amino acid concentrations was not consistently observed. We found that five of six patients in our cohort had a maximum lifetime value of allo-isoleucine of 6 μmol/L, showing that alloisoleucine elevations even during illness may be subtle. Urine organic acid analysis (UOA) during acute decompensation episodes was abnormal in all cases; however, the pattern of abnormalities had high intersubject variability. No single biomarker was universally present, even in patients experiencing metabolic decompensation. We also observed novel biochemical associations: three patients had hyperexcretion of TCA cycle metabolites during crisis; in two patients, 2-ketoadipic and 2-hydroxyadipic acids, by products of lysine degradation, were detected. We propose that these result from 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase deficiency, an underappreciated biochemical abnormality in DLD. Given the diversity of biochemical profiles among the patients with DLDD, we conclude that accurate biochemical diagnosis relies on a high index of suspicion and multipronged biochemical analysis, including both plasma amino acid and urine organic acid quantitation during decompensation. Biochemical diagnosis during the well state is challenging. We emphasize the critical importance of multiple simultaneous biochemical tests for diagnosis and monitoring of DLDD. We also highlight the under-recognized role of DLD in the lysine degradation pathway. Larger cohorts of patients are needed to establish a correlation between the biochemical pattern and clinical outcomes, as well as a genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sanmati R. Cuddapah
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephen R. Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dorothy K. Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Dennis Dietzen
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Stephen M. Roper
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Rebecca D. Ganetzky
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Szabo E, Nemes-Nikodem E, Vass KR, Zambo Z, Zrupko E, Torocsik B, Ozohanics O, Nagy B, Ambrus A. Structural and Biochemical Investigation of Selected Pathogenic Mutants of the Human Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10826. [PMID: 37446004 PMCID: PMC10341545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant disease-causing variants of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hLADH, hE3), a common component of the mitochondrial α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes, were characterized using a multipronged approach to unravel the molecular pathomechanisms that underlie hLADH deficiency. The G101del and M326V substitutions both reduced the protein stability and triggered the disassembly of the functional/obligate hLADH homodimer and significant FAD losses, which altogether eventually manifested in a virtually undetectable catalytic activity in both cases. The I12T-hLADH variant proved also to be quite unstable, but managed to retain the dimeric enzyme form; the LADH activity, both in the forward and reverse catalytic directions and the affinity for the prosthetic group FAD were both significantly compromised. None of the above three variants lent themselves to an in-depth structural analysis via X-ray crystallography due to inherent protein instability. Crystal structures at 2.89 and 2.44 Å resolutions were determined for the I318T- and I358T-hLADH variants, respectively; structure analysis revealed minor conformational perturbations, which correlated well with the residual LADH activities, in both cases. For the dimer interface variants G426E-, I445M-, and R447G-hLADH, enzyme activities and FAD loss were determined and compared against the previously published structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto St., 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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Lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) deficiency: medical perspectives of the structural and functional characterization of LADH and its pathogenic variants. Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00155-6. [PMID: 36842090 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
(Dihydro)lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic metabolic disorder. It generally presents with an onset in the neonatal age and premature death. The clinical picture usually involves metabolic decompensation and lactic acidosis that lead to neurological, cardiological, and/or hepatological outcomes. Severity of the disease is due to the fact that LADH is a common E3 subunit to the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoadipate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and is also part of the glycine cleavage system; hence, a loss in LADH activity adversely affects several central metabolic pathways simultaneously. The severe clinical manifestations, however, often do not parallel the LADH activity loss, which implies the existence of auxiliary pathological pathways; stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as dissociation from the relevant multienzyme complexes proved to be auxiliary exacerbating pathomechanisms for selected disease-causing LADH mutations. This review provides an overview on the therapeutic challenges of inherited metabolic diseases, structural and functional characteristics of the mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes, molecular pathogenesis and structural basis of LADH deficiency, and relevant potential future medical perspectives.
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A Missense Variant in PDK1 Associated with Severe Neurodevelopmental Delay and Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123171. [PMID: 36551928 PMCID: PMC9775741 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which is used for energy conversion in cells. PDC activity is regulated by phosphorylation via kinases and phosphatases (PDK/PDP). Variants in all subunits of the PDC and in PDK3 have been reported, with varying phenotypes including lactic acidosis, neurodevelopmental delay, peripheral neuropathy, or seizures. Here, we report a de novo heterozygous missense variant in PDK1 (c.1139G > A; p.G380D) in a girl with developmental delay and early onset severe epilepsy. To investigate the role of PDK1G380D in energy metabolism and neuronal development, we used a zebrafish model. In zebrafish embryos we show a reduced number of cells with mitochondria with membrane potential, reduced movements, and a delay in neuronal development. Furthermore, we observe a reduction in the phosphorylation of PDH-E1α by PDKG380D, which suggests a disruption in the regulation of PDC activity. Finally, in patient fibroblasts, a mild reduction in the ratio of phosphorylated PDH over total PDH-E1α was detected. In summary, our findings support the notion that this aberrant PDK1 activity is the cause of clinical symptoms in the patient.
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The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Patients with Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103523. [PMID: 34684524 PMCID: PMC8540285 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD lipoamide dehydrogenase, the E3 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC)) is the third catalytic enzyme of the PDHC, which converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA catalyzed with the introduction of acetyl-CoA to the tricyclic acid (TCA) cycle. In humans, PDHC plays an important role in maintaining glycose homeostasis in an aerobic, energy-generating process. Inherited DLD-E3 deficiency, caused by the pathogenic variants in DLD, leads to variable presentations and courses of illness, ranging from myopathy, recurrent episodes of liver disease and vomiting, to Leigh disease and early death. Currently, there is no consensus on treatment guidelines, although one suggested solution is a ketogenic diet (KD). Objective: To describe the use and effects of KD in patients with DLD-E3 deficiency, compared to the standard treatment. Results: Sixteen patients were included. Of these, eight were from a historical cohort, and of the other eight, four were on a partial KD. All patients were homozygous for the D479V (or D444V, which corresponds to the mutated mature protein without the mitochondrial targeting sequence) pathogenic variant in DLD. The treatment with partial KD was found to improve patient survival. However, compared to a historical cohort, the patients’ quality of life (QOL) was not significantly improved. Conclusions: The use of KD offers an advantage regarding survival; however, there is no significant improvement in QOL.
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8
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Csaban D, Pentelenyi K, Toth-Bencsik R, Illes A, Grosz Z, Gezsi A, Molnar MJ. The Role of the Rare Variants in the Genes Encoding the Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase in Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:321. [PMID: 33917565 PMCID: PMC8067443 DOI: 10.3390/life11040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that several mitochondrial abnormalities are present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Decreased alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (αKGDHc) activity was identified in some patients with AD. The αKGDHc is a key enzyme in the Krebs cycle. This enzyme is very sensitive to the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species, which gives them a critical role in the Alzheimer and mitochondrial disease research area. Previously, several genetic risk factors were described in association with AD. Our aim was to analyze the associations of rare damaging variants in the genes encoding αKGDHc subunits and AD. The three genes (OGDH, DLST, DLD) encoding αKGDHc subunits were sequenced from different brain regions of 11 patients with histologically confirmed AD and the blood of further 35 AD patients. As a control group, we screened 134 persons with whole-exome sequencing. In all subunits, a one-one rare variant was identified with unknown significance based on American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification. Based on the literature research and our experience, R263H mutation in the DLD gene seems likely to be pathogenic. In the different cerebral areas, the αKGDHc mutational profile was the same, indicating the presence of germline variants. We hypothesize that the heterozygous missense R263H in the DLD gene may have a role in AD as a mild genetic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Csaban
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary; (D.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Klara Pentelenyi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary; (D.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Renata Toth-Bencsik
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary; (D.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Anett Illes
- PentaCore Laboratory Budapest, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Grosz
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary; (D.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Andras Gezsi
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary; (D.C.); (Z.G.)
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Szabo E, Wilk P, Nagy B, Zambo Z, Bui D, Weichsel A, Arjunan P, Torocsik B, Hubert A, Furey W, Montfort WR, Jordan F, Weiss MS, Adam-Vizi V, Ambrus A. Underlying molecular alterations in human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency revealed by structural analyses of disease-causing enzyme variants. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3339-3354. [PMID: 31334547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hLADH, hE3) deficiency (OMIM# 246900) is an often prematurely lethal genetic disease usually caused by inactive or partially inactive hE3 variants. Here we report the crystal structure of wild-type hE3 at an unprecedented high resolution of 1.75 Å and the structures of six disease-causing hE3 variants at resolutions ranging from 1.44 to 2.34 Å. P453L proved to be the most deleterious substitution in structure as aberrations extensively compromised the active site. The most prevalent G194C-hE3 variant primarily exhibited structural alterations close to the substitution site, whereas the nearby cofactor-binding residues were left unperturbed. The G426E substitution mainly interfered with the local charge distribution introducing dynamics to the substitution site in the dimer interface; G194C and G426E both led to minor structural changes. The R460G, R447G and I445M substitutions all perturbed a solvent accessible channel, the so-called H+/H2O channel, leading to the active site. Molecular pathomechanisms of enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and impaired binding to multienzyme complexes were also addressed according to the structural data for the relevant mutations. In summary, we present here for the first time a comprehensive study that links three-dimensional structures of disease-causing hE3 variants to residual hLADH activities, altered capacities for ROS generation, compromised affinities for multienzyme complexes and eventually clinical symptoms. Our results may serve as useful starting points for future therapeutic intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Zambo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - David Bui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Andrzej Weichsel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Palaniappa Arjunan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Biocrystallography Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Beata Torocsik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Agnes Hubert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - William Furey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Biocrystallography Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - William R Montfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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Bohne VJB, Bohne Ø. Suggested pathology of systemic exertion intolerance disease: Impairment of the E 3 subunit or crossover of swinging arms of the E 2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex decreases regeneration of cofactor dihydrolipoic acid of the E 2 subunit. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109260. [PMID: 31383326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has an unknown aetiology, with no known treatment and a prevalence of approximately 22 million individuals (2%) in Western countries. Although strongly suspected, the role of lactate in pathology is unknown, nor has the nature of the two most central symptoms of the condition - post exertional malaise and fatigue. The proposed mechanism of action of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays a central role in maintaining energy production with cofactors alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and its counterpart dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), its regeneration suggested as the new rate limiting factor. Decreased DHLA regeneration due to impairment of the E3 subunit or crossover of the swinging arms of the E2 subunit of PDC have been suggested as a cause of ME/CFS/SEID resulting in instantaneous fluctuations in lactate levels and instantaneous offset of the DHLA/LA ratio and defining the condition as an LA deficiency with chronic instantaneous hyperlactataemia with explicit stratification of symptoms. While instantaneous hyperlactataemia has been suggested to account for the PEM, the fatigue was explained by the downregulated throughput of pyruvate and consequently lower production of ATP with the residual enzymatic efficacy of the E3 subunit or crossover of the E2 as a proposed explanation of the fatigue severity. Functional diagnostics and visualization of instantaneous elevations of lactate and DHLA has been suggested. Novel treatment strategies have been implicated to compensate for chronic PDC impairment and hyperlactataemia. This hypothesis potentially influences the current understanding and treatment methods for any type of hyperlactataemia, fatigue, ME/CFS/SEID, and conditions associated with PDC impairment.
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Ambrus A. An Updated View on the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Human Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Light of Novel Crystallographic Evidence. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2307-2313. [PMID: 30847858 PMCID: PMC6776566 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH, E3) deficiency is a rare (autosomal, recessive) genetic disorder generally presenting with an onset in the neonatal age and early death; the highest carrier rate has been found among Ashkenazi Jews. Acute clinical episodes usually involve severe metabolic decompensation and lactate acidosis that result in neurological, cardiological, and/or hepatological manifestations. Clinical severity is due to the fact that LADH is a common E3 subunit to the alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoadipate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes, and is also a constituent in the glycine cleavage system, thus a loss in LADH function adversely affects multiple key metabolic routes. However, the severe clinical pictures frequently still do not parallel the LADH activity loss, which implies the involvement of auxiliary biochemical mechanisms; enhanced reactive oxygen species generation as well as affinity loss for multienzyme complexes proved to be key auxiliary exacerbating pathomechanisms. This review provides an overview and an up-to-date molecular insight into the pathomechanisms of this disease in light of the structural conclusions drawn from the first crystal structure of a disease-causing hE3 variant determined recently in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto Street, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
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12
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Riché R, Liao M, Pena IA, Leung KY, Lepage N, Greene NDE, Sarafoglou K, Schimmenti LA, Drapeau P, Samarut É. Glycine decarboxylase deficiency-induced motor dysfunction in zebrafish is rescued by counterbalancing glycine synaptic level. JCI Insight 2018; 3:124642. [PMID: 30385710 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine encephalopathy (GE), or nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is a rare recessive genetic disease caused by defective glycine cleavage and characterized by increased accumulation of glycine in all tissues. Here, based on new case reports of GLDC loss-of-function mutations in GE patients, we aimed to generate a zebrafish model of severe GE in order to unravel the molecular mechanism of the disease. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we knocked out the gldc gene and showed that gldc-/- fish recapitulate GE on a molecular level and present a motor phenotype reminiscent of severe GE symptoms. The molecular characterization of gldc-/- mutants showed a broad metabolic disturbance affecting amino acids and neurotransmitters other than glycine, with lactic acidosis at stages preceding death. Although a transient imbalance was found in cell proliferation in the brain of gldc-/- zebrafish, the main brain networks were not affected, thus suggesting that GE pathogenicity is mainly due to metabolic defects. We confirmed that the gldc-/- hypotonic phenotype is due to NMDA and glycine receptor overactivation, and demonstrated that gldc-/- larvae depict exacerbated hyperglycinemia at these synapses. Remarkably, we were able to rescue the motor dysfunction of gldc-/- larvae by counterbalancing pharmacologically or genetically the level of glycine at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Riché
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meijiang Liao
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Izabella A Pena
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kit-Yi Leung
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Lepage
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas DE Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakie Sarafoglou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pierre Drapeau
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,DanioDesign Inc., Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Samarut
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,DanioDesign Inc., Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Ambrus A, Adam-Vizi V. Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency: Novel insights into the structural basis and molecular pathomechanism. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:5-14. [PMID: 28579060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our present view on the molecular pathogenesis of human (h) E3-deficiency caused by a variety of genetic alterations with a special emphasis on the moonlighting biochemical phenomena related to the affected (dihydro)lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH, E3, gene: dld), in particular the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). E3-deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder frequently presenting with a neonatal onset and premature death; the highest carrier rate of a single pathogenic dld mutation (1:94-1:110) was found among Ashkenazi Jews. Patients usually die during acute episodes that generally involve severe metabolic decompensation and lactic acidosis leading to neurological, cardiological, and/or hepatological manifestations. The disease owes its severity to the fact that LADH is the common E3 subunit of the alpha-ketoglutarate (KGDHc), pyruvate (PDHc), and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and is also part of the glycine cleavage system, hence the malfunctioning of LADH simultaneously incapacitates several central metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, the clinical pictures are usually not unequivocally portrayed through the loss of LADH activities and imply auxiliary mechanisms that exacerbate the symptoms and outcomes of this disorder. Enhanced ROS generation by disease-causing hE3 variants as well as by the E1-E2 subcomplex of the hKGDHc likely contributes to selected pathogeneses of E3-deficiency, which could be targeted by specific drugs or antioxidants; lipoic acid was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of ROS generation by hE3 in vitro. Flavin supplementation might prove to be beneficial for those mutations triggering FAD loss in the hE3 component. Selected pathogenic hE3 variants lose their affinity for the E2 component of the hPDHc, a mechanism which warrants scrutiny also for other E3-haboring complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Ambrus A, Wang J, Mizsei R, Zambo Z, Torocsik B, Jordan F, Adam-Vizi V. Structural alterations induced by ten disease-causing mutations of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase analyzed by hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry: Implications for the structural basis of E3 deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2098-2109. [PMID: 27544700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic amino acid substitutions of the common E3 component (hE3) of the human alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes lead to severe metabolic diseases (E3 deficiency), which usually manifest themselves in cardiological and/or neurological symptoms and often cause premature death. To date, 14 disease-causing amino acid substitutions of the hE3 component have been reported in the clinical literature. None of the pathogenic protein variants has lent itself to high-resolution structure elucidation by X-ray or NMR. Hence, the structural alterations of the hE3 protein caused by the disease-causing mutations and leading to dysfunction, including the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species by selected disease-causing variants, could only be speculated. Here we report results of an examination of the effects on the protein structure of ten pathogenic mutations of hE3 using hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), a new and state-of-the-art approach of solution structure elucidation. On the basis of the results, putative structural and mechanistic conclusions were drawn regarding the molecular pathogenesis of each disease-causing hE3 mutation addressed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Reka Mizsei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Zambo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Torocsik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Di Narzo AF, Peters LA, Argmann C, Stojmirovic A, Perrigoue J, Li K, Telesco S, Kidd B, Walker J, Dudley J, Cho J, Schadt EE, Kasarskis A, Curran M, Dobrin R, Hao K. Blood and Intestine eQTLs from an Anti-TNF-Resistant Crohn's Disease Cohort Inform IBD Genetic Association Loci. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e177. [PMID: 27336838 PMCID: PMC4931595 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci reproducibly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other immune-mediated diseases; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying most of genetic susceptibility remain undefined. Expressional quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of disease-relevant tissue can be employed in order to elucidate the genes and pathways affected by disease-specific genetic variance. METHODS: In this study, we derived eQTLs for human whole blood and intestine tissues of anti-tumor necrosis factor-resistant Crohn's disease (CD) patients. We interpreted these eQTLs in the context of published IBD GWAS hits to inform on the disease process. RESULTS: At 10% false discovery rate, we discovered that 5,174 genes in blood and 2,063 genes in the intestine were controlled by a nearby single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (i.e., cis-eQTL), among which 1,360 were shared between the two tissues. A large fraction of the identified eQTLs were supported by the regulomeDB database, showing that the eQTLs reside in regulatory elements (odds ratio; OR=3.44 and 3.24 for blood and intestine eQTLs, respectively) as opposed to protein-coding regions. Published IBD GWAS hits as a whole were enriched for blood and intestine eQTLs (OR=2.88 and 2.05; and P value=2.51E-9 and 0.013, respectively), thereby linking genetic susceptibility to control of gene expression in these tissues. Through a systematic search, we used eQTL data to inform 109 out of 372 IBD GWAS SNPs documented in National Human Genome Research Institute catalog, and we categorized the genes influenced by eQTLs according to their functions. Many of these genes have experimentally validated roles in specific cell types contributing to intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: The blood and intestine eQTLs described in this study represent a powerful tool to link GWAS loci to a regulatory function and thus elucidate the mechanisms underlying the genetic loci associated with IBD and related conditions. Overall, our eQTL discovery approach empirically identifies the disease-associated variants including their impact on the direction and extent of expression changes in the context of disease-relevant cellular pathways in order to infer the functional outcome of this aspect of genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Di Narzo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren A Peters
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine Li
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Brian Kidd
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Curran
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Radu Dobrin
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Ambrus A, Mizsei R, Adam-Vizi V. Structural alterations by five disease-causing mutations in the low-pH conformation of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hLADH) analyzed by molecular dynamics - Implications in functional loss and modulation of reactive oxygen species generation by pathogenic hLADH forms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:50-56. [PMID: 29594200 PMCID: PMC5871931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hLADH) is a flavoenzyme component (E3) of the human alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (α-KGDHc) and few other dehydrogenase complexes. Pathogenic mutations of hLADH cause severe metabolic diseases (atypical forms of E3 deficiency) that often escalate to cardiological or neurological presentations and even premature death; the pathologies are generally accompanied by lactic acidosis. hLADH presents a distinct conformation under acidosis (pH 5.5–6.8) with lower physiological activity and the capacity of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been shown by our laboratory that selected pathogenic mutations, besides lowering the physiological activity of hLADH, significantly stimulate ROS generation by hLADH, especially at lower pH, which might play a role in the pathogenesis of E3-deficiency in respective cases. Previously, we generated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation the low-pH hLADH structure and analyzed the structural changes induced in this structure by eight of the pathogenic mutations of hLADH. In the absence of high resolution mutant structures these pieces of information are crucial for the mechanistic investigation of the molecular pathogeneses of the hLADH protein. In the present work we analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation the structural changes induced in the low-pH conformation of hLADH by five pathogenic mutations of hLADH; the structures of these disease-causing mutants of hLADH have never been examined before. 5 disease-causing mutants of hLADH were subjected to MD to reveal structural changes. MD simulations were carried out both in vacuum and in water supplemented with ions. Functional regions significantly affected by mutation were identified. Implicated residues are to be targeted in mechanistic studies of hLADH dysfunction.
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Key Words
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- LADH, (dihydro)lipoamide dehydrogenase
- Lipoamide dehydrogenase
- MD, molecular dynamics
- Molecular dynamics
- Mutation
- NAD+/NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized/reduced)
- PDHc, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- S.E.M., standard error of the mean
- WT, wild-type
- α-KGDHc, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto Street, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Reka Mizsei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto Street, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto Street, Budapest 1094, Hungary
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17
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Sperl W, Fleuren L, Freisinger P, Haack TB, Ribes A, Feichtinger RG, Rodenburg RJ, Zimmermann FA, Koch J, Rivera I, Prokisch H, Smeitink JA, Mayr JA. The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:391-403. [PMID: 25526709 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate oxidation defects (PODs) are among the most frequent causes of deficiencies in the mitochondrial energy metabolism and represent a substantial subset of classical mitochondrial diseases. PODs are not only caused by deficiency of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) but also by various disorders recently described in the whole pyruvate oxidation route including cofactors, regulation of PDHC and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Our own patients from 2000 to July 2014 and patients identified by a systematic survey of the literature from 1970 to July 2014 with a pyruvate oxidation disorder and a genetically proven defect were included in the study (n=628). Of these defects 74.2% (n=466) belong to PDHC subunits, 24.5% (n=154) to cofactors, 0.5% (n=3) to PDHC regulation and 0.8% (n=5) to mitochondrial pyruvate import. PODs are underestimated in the field of mitochondrial diseases because not all diagnostic centres include biochemical investigations of PDHC in their routine analysis. Cofactor and transport defects can be missed, if pyruvate oxidation is not measured in intact mitochondria routinely. Furthermore deficiency of the X-chromosomal PDHA1 can be biochemically missed depending on the X-inactivation pattern. This is reflected by an increasing number of patients diagnosed recently by genetic high throughput screening approaches. PDHC deficiency including regulation and import affect mainly the glucose dependent central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. PODs with combined enzyme defects affect also other organs like heart, lung and liver. The spectrum of clinical presentation of PODs is still expanding. PODs are a therapeutically interesting group of mitochondrial diseases since some can be bypassed by ketogenic diet or treated by cofactor supplementation. PDHC kinase inhibition, chaperone therapy and PGC1α stimulation is still a matter of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sperl
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria,
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18
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Carrozzo R, Torraco A, Fiermonte G, Martinelli D, Di Nottia M, Rizza T, Vozza A, Verrigni D, Diodato D, Parisi G, Maiorana A, Rizzo C, Pierri CL, Zucano S, Piemonte F, Bertini E, Dionisi-Vici C. Riboflavin responsive mitochondrial myopathy is a new phenotype of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. The chaperon-like effect of vitamin B2. Mitochondrion 2014; 18:49-57. [PMID: 25251739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD, E3) is a flavoprotein common to pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenases. We found two novel DLD mutations (p.I40Lfs*4; p.G461E) in a 19 year-old patient with lactic acidosis and a complex amino- and organic aciduria consistent with DLD deficiency, manifesting progressive exertional fatigue. Muscle biopsy showed mitochondrial proliferation and lack of DLD cross-reacting material. Riboflavin supplementation determined the complete resolution of exercise intolerance with the partial restoration of the DLD protein and disappearance of mitochondrial proliferation in the muscle. Morphological and functional studies support the riboflavin chaperon-like role in stabilizing DLD protein with rescue of its expression in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Di Nottia
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rizza
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Verrigni
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Diodato
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Arianna Maiorana
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rizzo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Zucano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Quinonez SC, Leber SM, Martin DM, Thoene JG, Bedoyan JK. Leigh syndrome in a girl with a novel DLD mutation causing E3 deficiency. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 48:67-72. [PMID: 23290025 PMCID: PMC4535688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present the biochemical and molecular diagnosis of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency (also known as E3 deficiency) and Leigh syndrome in a 14-year-old girl with learning disability and episodic encephalopathy and ketoacidosis. The diagnosis was based on values of plasma amino acids and urine organic acids, obtained during acute encephalopathy, lactic ketoacidosis, and liver failure, precipitated by infectious mononucleosis. Enzymatic and molecular analyses confirmed dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. E3 activity from cultured skin fibroblasts ranged from 9-29% of the mean. Molecular analysis revealed compound heterozygosity for novel and known pathogenic mutations (p.I353T and p.G136del, respectively). The patient received dietary augmentation and continuous renal replacement therapy, given her severe, persistent lactic acidosis. Acute decompensation resulted in magnetic resonance imaging changes involving the posterior aspect of the putamen, lateral, and medial thalami, substantia nigra, lateral geniculate bodies, and splenium of the corpus callosum. The cortex and subcortical white matter of the right and left occipital lobes and perirolandic region were also affected. In our review of molecularly confirmed patients with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, Leigh syndrome was common. Our patient, whose most severe decompensation occurred at a more advanced age than previously reported, provides further evidence of the heterogeneous presentations of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C. Quinonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven M. Leber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donna M. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Human Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jess G. Thoene
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jirair K. Bedoyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Address correspondence to and current address: Jirair K. Bedoyan, M.D., Ph.D., Center for Human Genetics, 1500 Lakeside, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, or
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20
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Lu'o'ng KVQ, Nguyên LTH. Thiamine and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2012; 316:1-8. [PMID: 22385680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration in the elderly population. PD is clinically characterized by tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural imbalance. A significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of thiamine in the serum, which suggests that elevated thiamine levels might provide protection against PD. Genetic studies have helped identify a number of factors that link thiamine to PD pathology, including the DJ-1 gene, excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone), lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD), chromosome 7, transcription factor p53, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 gene (PARP-1). Thiamine has also been implicated in PD through its effects on L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (L-VSCC), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), prostaglandins (PGs), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Recent studies highlight a possible relationship between thiamine and PD. Genetic studies provide opportunities to determine which proteins may link thiamine to PD pathology. Thiamine can also act through a number of non-genomic mechanisms that include protein expression, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. Further studies are needed to determine the benefits of using thiamine as a treatment for PD.
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