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Yoshino A, Maekawa T, Kato M, Chan HL, Otsuru N, Yamawaki S. Changes in Resting-State Brain Activity After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Magnetoencephalography Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024:104523. [PMID: 38582288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is believed to be an effective treatment for chronic pain due to its association with cognitive and emotional factors. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of magnetoencephalography (MEG) investigations elucidating its underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the neurophysiological effects of CBT employing MEG and analytical techniques. We administered resting-state MEG scans to 30 patients with chronic pain and 31 age-matched healthy controls. Patients engaged in a 12-session group CBT program. We conducted pretreatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) MEG and clinical assessments. MEG data were examined within predefined regions of interest, guided by the authors' and others' prior magnetic resonance imaging studies. Initially, we selected regions displaying significant changes in power spectral density and multiscale entropy between patients at T1 and healthy controls. Then, we examined the changes within these regions after conducting CBT. Furthermore, we applied support vector machine analysis to MEG data to assess the potential for classifying treatment effects. We observed normalization of power in the gamma2 band (61-90 Hz) within the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and multiscale entropy within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with chronic pain after CBT. Notably, changes in pain intensity before and after CBT positively correlated with the alterations of multiscale entropy. Importantly, responders predicted by the support vector machine classifier had significantly higher treatment improvement rates than nonresponders. These findings underscore the pivotal role of the right IFG and DLPFC in ameliorating pain intensity through CBT. Further accumulation of evidence is essential for future applications. PERSPECTIVE: We conducted MEG scans on 30 patients with chronic pain before and after a CBT program, comparing results with 31 healthy individuals. There were CBT-related changes in the right IFG and DLPFC. These results highlight the importance of specific brain regions in pain reduction through CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Yoshino
- Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hui-Ling Chan
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Kita-Ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Liu J, Zhang Y. Language Experience Modulates the Visual N200 Response for Disyllabic Chinese Words: An Event-Related Potential Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1321. [PMID: 37759922 PMCID: PMC10527298 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior event-related potential (ERP) research on how the brain processes non-alphabetic scripts like Chinese has identified an N200 component related to early visual processing of Chinese disyllabic words. An enhanced N200 response was observed when similar prime-target pairs were presented, but it was not elicited when native Chinese speakers read Korean Hangul, a script resembling Chinese characters. This led to the proposal that N200 was not a universal marker for orthographic processing but rather specific and unique to Chinese. However, there was uncertainty due to the absence of Korean participants in the previous research. The impact of language experience on N200 remains unclear. To address this, the present pilot ERP study included three adult groups (totaling 30 participants) with varying language proficiency levels. The participants judged if randomly presented words were Chinese or Korean, while the ERP responses were recorded. The behavioral data showed high accuracy across the groups. The reaction times differed between the groups with the native speakers responding faster. The N200 patterns varied across the groups. Both Chinese native speakers and Chinese-as-second-language learners showed stronger N200 responses for Chinese words compared to Korean words regardless of whether an adaptive or a fixed-time window was used for the N200 quantification, but this was not the case for Korean native speakers. Our cross-linguistic study suggests that N200 is not exclusive to Chinese orthography. Instead, it reflects general visual processing sensitive to both orthographic features and learning experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Linguistics Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences & Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Saffari F, Zarei S, Kakaria S, Bigné E, Bruni LE, Ramsøy TZ. The Role of Stimuli-Driven and Goal-Driven Attention in Shopping Decision-Making Behaviors-An EEG and VR Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:928. [PMID: 37371406 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human attention system, similar to other networks in the brain, is of a complex nature. At any moment, our attention can shift between external and internal stimuli. In this study, we aimed to assess three EEG-based measures of attention (Power Spectral Density, Connectivity, and Spectral Entropy) in decision-making situations involving goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention using a Virtual Reality supermarket. We collected the EEG data of 29 participants in 2 shopping phases, planned and unplanned purchases. The three mentioned features were extracted and a statistical analysis was conducted. We evaluated the discriminatory power of these features using an SVM classifier. The results showed a significant (p-value < 0.001) increase in theta power over frontal, central, and temporal lobes for the planned purchase phase. There was also a significant decrease in alpha power over frontal and parietal lobes in the unplanned purchase phase. A significant increase in the frontoparietal connectivity during the planned purchase was observed. Additionally, an increase in spectral entropy was observed in the frontoparietal region for the unplanned purchase phase. The classification results showed that spectral entropy has the highest discriminatory power. This study can provide further insights into the attentional behaviors of consumers and how their type of attentional control can affect their decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Saffari
- Neurons Inc., 2630 Hoje-Taastrup, Denmark
- Augmented Cognition Lab, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sahar Zarei
- Neurons Inc., 2630 Hoje-Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shobhit Kakaria
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bigné
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis E Bruni
- Augmented Cognition Lab, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Saffari F, Kakaria S, Bigné E, Bruni LE, Zarei S, Ramsøy TZ. Motivation in the metaverse: A dual-process approach to consumer choices in a virtual reality supermarket. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1062980. [PMID: 36875641 PMCID: PMC9978781 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1062980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Consumer decision-making processes involve a complex interrelation between perception, emotion, and cognition. Despite a vast and diverse literature, little effort has been invested in investigating the neural mechanism behind such processes. Methods In the present work, our interest was to investigate whether asymmetrical activation of the frontal lobe of the brain could help to characterize consumer's choices. To obtain stronger experimental control, we devised an experiment in a virtual reality retail store, while simultaneously recording participant brain responses using electroencephalogram (EEG). During the virtual store test, participants completed two tasks; first, to choose items from a predefined shopping list, a phase we termed as "planned purchase". Second, subjects were instructed that they could also choose products that were not on the list, which we labeled as "unplanned purchase." We assumed that the planned purchases were associated with a stronger cognitive engagement, and the second task was more reliant on immediate emotional responses. Results By analyzing the EEG data based on frontal asymmetry measures, we find that frontal asymmetry in the gamma band reflected the distinction between planned and unplanned decisions, where unplanned purchases were accompanied by stronger asymmetry deflections (relative frontal left activity was higher). In addition, frontal asymmetry in the alpha, beta, and gamma ranges illustrate clear differences between choices and no-choices periods during the shopping tasks. Discussion These results are discussed in light of the distinction between planned and unplanned purchase in consumer situations, how this is reflected in the relative cognitive and emotional brain responses, and more generally how this can influence research in the emerging area of virtual and augmented shopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Saffari
- Neurons Inc., Høje-Taastrup Municipality, Denmark.,Augmented Cognition Lab, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shobhit Kakaria
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bigné
- Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis E Bruni
- Augmented Cognition Lab, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sahar Zarei
- Neurons Inc., Høje-Taastrup Municipality, Denmark
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Kalafatovich J, Lee M, Lee SW. Decoding declarative memory process for predicting memory retrieval based on source localization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274101. [PMID: 36074790 PMCID: PMC9455842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on understanding memory processes due to their importance in daily life. Differences in timing and power spectra of brain signals during encoding task have been linked to later remembered items and were recently used to predict memory retrieval performance. However, accuracies remain low when using non-invasive methods for acquiring brain signals, mainly due to the low spatial resolution. This study investigates the prediction of successful retrieval using estimated source activity corresponding either to cortical or subcortical structures through source localization. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded while participants performed a declarative memory task. Frequency-time analysis was performed using signals from encoding and retrieval tasks to confirm the importance of neural oscillations and their relationship with later remembered and forgotten items. Significant differences in the power spectra between later remembered and forgotten items were found before and during the presentation of the stimulus in the encoding task. Source activity estimation revealed differences in the beta band power over the medial parietal and medial prefrontal areas prior to the presentation of the stimulus, and over the cuneus and lingual areas during the presentation of the stimulus. Additionally, there were significant differences during the stimuli presentation during the retrieval task. Prediction of later remembered items was performed using surface potentials and estimated source activity. The results showed that source localization increases classification performance compared to the one using surface potentials. These findings support the importance of incorporating spatial features of neural activity to improve the prediction of memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Kalafatovich
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Diaz-Piedra C, Gianfranchi E, Catena A, Di Stasi LL. Electrophysiological correlates of the reverse Stroop effect: Results from a simulated handgun task. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 175:32-42. [PMID: 35202736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The color-word reverse Stroop (RS) effect still represents an interesting puzzle for cognitive researchers as an interference between incongruent ink colors and the meaning of the words is not always found. Here, we examined whether an unfamiliar and complex visuomotor task would produce a RS effect. Forty inexperienced shooters carried out a simulated shooting task. To test if the RS effect is related to the stimuli processing or to a late processing of the color (early and late time-windows), electroencephalographic global field power (GFP) variations were recorded with a high-impedance system (32 channels configuration in a standard monopolar montage, referenced to FCz and grounded to FPz). The color-word RS effect was reflected in the performance of 32 participants, suggesting that the strength of the association between the target and the specific response requested might be central to the RS interference. This behavioral result was paralleled by GFP modulations in 20 participants. A significant increase of the GFP for the congruent trials (e.g., the word "red" written in red ink) was recorded after stimulus presentation (conflict detection), followed by an increase for the incongruent trials (e.g., the word "red" written in green ink) just before the shooting (conflict resolution). Despite the limitations of the study, such as the inclusion of a low number of channels in the GFP analyses, the results suggest that the RS interference is easily elicited in tasks requiring an unfamiliar response, which supports the strength of association hypothesis. Moreover, as implied by the GFP modulations, the interference might occur early in time, but also in a later stage, closer to the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diaz-Piedra
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd St, Phoenix 85004, AZ, USA.
| | - Evelyn Gianfranchi
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Leandro L Di Stasi
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Joint Center University of Granada - Spanish Army Training and Doctrine Command, Gran Via n° 48, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Hippocampal Theta Oscillations Support Successful Associative Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9507-9518. [PMID: 33158958 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0767-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of memory formation posit that episodic memory formation depends critically on the hippocampus, which binds features of an event to its context. For this reason, the contrast between study items that are later recollected with their associative pair versus those for which no association is made fails should reveal electrophysiological patterns in the hippocampus selectively involved in associative memory encoding. Extensive data from studies in rodents support a model in which theta oscillations fulfill this role, but results in humans have not been as clear. Here, we used an associative recognition memory procedure to identify hippocampal correlates of successful associative memory encoding and retrieval in patients (10 females and 9 males) undergoing intracranial EEG monitoring. We identified a dissociation between 2-5 Hz and 5-9 Hz theta oscillations, by which power increases in 2-5 Hz oscillations were uniquely linked with successful associative memory in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus. These oscillations exhibited a significant phase reset that also predicted successful associative encoding and distinguished recollected from nonrecollected items at retrieval, as well as contributing to relatively greater reinstatement of encoding-related patterns for recollected versus nonrecollected items. Our results provide direct electrophysiological evidence that 2-5 Hz hippocampal theta oscillations preferentially support the formation of associative memories, although we also observed memory-related effects in the 5-9 Hz frequency range using measures such as phase reset and reinstatement of oscillatory activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Models of episodic memory encoding predict that theta oscillations support the formation of interitem associations. We used an associative recognition task designed to elicit strong hippocampal activation to test this prediction in human neurosurgical patients implanted with intracranial electrodes. The findings suggest that 2-5 Hz theta oscillatory power and phase reset in the hippocampus are selectively associated with associative memory judgments. Furthermore, reinstatement of oscillatory patterns in the hippocampus was stronger for successful recollection. Collectively, the findings support a role for hippocampal theta oscillations in human associative memory.
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Wang R, Ge S, Zommara NM, Ravienna K, Espinoza T, Iramina K. Consistency and dynamical changes of directional information flow in different brain states: A comparison of working memory and resting-state using EEG. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Paul BT, Schoenwiesner M, Hébert S. Towards an objective test of chronic tinnitus: Properties of auditory cortical potentials evoked by silent gaps in tinnitus-like sounds. Hear Res 2018; 366:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Brain mechanisms for perceiving illusory lines in humans. Neuroimage 2018; 181:182-189. [PMID: 30008430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Illusory contours (ICs) are perceptions of visual borders despite absent contrast gradients. The psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of IC processes have been studied across species and diverse brain imaging/mapping techniques. Nonetheless, debate continues regarding whether IC sensitivity results from a (presumably) feedforward process within low-level visual cortices (V1/V2) or instead are processed first within higher-order brain regions, such as lateral occipital cortices (LOC). Studies in animal models, which generally favour a feedforward mechanism within V1/V2, have typically involved stimuli inducing IC lines. By contrast, studies in humans generally favour a mechanism where IC sensitivity is mediated by LOC and have typically involved stimuli inducing IC forms or shapes. Thus, the particular stimulus features used may strongly contribute to the model of IC sensitivity supported. To address this, we recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) while presenting human observers with an array of 10 inducers within the central 5°, two of which could be oriented to induce an IC line on a given trial. VEPs were analysed using an electrical neuroimaging framework. Sensitivity to the presence vs. absence of centrally-presented IC lines was first apparent at ∼200 ms post-stimulus onset and was evident as topographic differences across conditions. We also localized these differences to the LOC. The timing and localization of these effects are consistent with a model of IC sensitivity commencing within higher-level visual cortices. We propose that prior observations of effects within lower-tier cortices (V1/V2) are the result of feedback from IC sensitivity that originates instead within higher-tier cortices (LOC).
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Peng WW, Guo XL, Jin QQ, Wei H, Xia XL, Zhang Y, Huang PC, Wang WC, Li SL, Wang JS, Chen J, Hu L. Biological mechanism of post-herpetic neuralgia: Evidence from multiple patho-psychophysiological measures. Eur J Pain 2016; 21:827-842. [PMID: 27977069 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), which develops after the resolution of a herpes zoster eruption, is an exceptionally drug-resistant neuropathic pain. The unsatisfactory management of PHN partly results from the difficulty in dissecting out its contributing factors due to the complexity of PHN mechanism. METHODS Here, to elaborate our understanding of the PHN mechanism and to establish a basis for effective therapeutic strategies, we comprehensively investigated the contributions of multiple factors to PHN severity. RESULTS Based on the comparison of somatosensory detection thresholds (C, Aδ and Aβ fibre thresholds) between affected and unaffected sides, 16 PHN patients with significant sensory deficits and 13 PHN patients without significant sensory deficits were identified and assigned to different groups. The different extents of lesions in the nociceptive system between patients with and without sensory deficits were confirmed using laser-evoked brain responses. Moreover, patients with sensory deficits had more severe pain and psychological disorders, e.g. anxiety and depression. Importantly, chronic pain severity was significantly influenced by various psychophysiological factors (sleep disturbances, psychological disorders and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction) for patients with sensory deficits. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the contribution of multiple patho-psychophysiological factors to PHN severity, which could help establish a basis for the development of a rational, patient-centred therapeutic strategy. SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed the contribution of multiple patho-psychophysiological factors to PHN severity, which expanded our understanding of the underlying PHN mechanism, and helped develop a rational, patient-centred therapeutic strategy targeting towards the corresponding etiology and psychophysiological disorders for individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Peng
- Brain Function and Psychological Science Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - X L Guo
- Department of Pain Medicine, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Q Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - X L Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - P C Huang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W C Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S L Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J S Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
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