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Goldberg M, D'Aloisio AA, O'Brien KM, Zhao S, Sandler DP. Pubertal timing and breast cancer risk in the Sister Study cohort. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:112. [PMID: 33109223 PMCID: PMC7590599 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier age at menarche is an established risk factor for breast cancer. While age at menarche has been fairly stable over the past half-century, age at breast development (thelarche) has continued to decrease. Recently, earlier age at thelarche and a longer time between thelarche and menarche (pubertal tempo) were shown to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. Our objective was to examine how breast cancer risk was associated with pubertal timing and tempo in a prospective US cohort. Methods Women ages 35–74 years without a history of breast cancer, but who had a sister previously diagnosed with breast cancer, were enrolled in the Sister Study from 2003 to 2009 (N = 50,884). At enrollment, participants reported their ages at thelarche and menarche. Pubertal tempo was age at menarche minus age at thelarche. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each pubertal milestone and risk of breast cancer (invasive or ductal carcinoma in situ) using Cox proportional hazards regression. We examined whether associations between age at thelarche and breast cancer risk were modified by birth cohort, race/ethnicity, weight at age 10, and extent of breast cancer family history, as characterized by a Bayesian score based on first-degree family structure. Results During follow-up (mean = 9.3 years), 3295 eligible women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Early ages at thelarche (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.03–1.46 for < 10 vs. 12–13 years) and menarche (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.20 for < 12 vs. 12–13 years) were positively associated with breast cancer risk. Pubertal tempo was not associated with breast cancer risk (HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.97–1.02 per 1-year longer tempo). When considering early thelarche (< 10 years) and early menarche (< 12 years) jointly, women with both had a 30% greater risk of breast cancer compared with women with neither risk factor (95% CI 1.07–1.57). The association between age at thelarche and breast cancer risk did not significantly vary by birth cohort, race/ethnicity, childhood weight, or Bayesian family history score. Conclusions Earlier ages at thelarche and menarche may enhance susceptibility to breast carcinogenesis. Age at thelarche is an important risk factor to consider given secular trends towards earlier development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Goldberg
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | - Katie M O'Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Niehoff NM, Keil AP, Jones RR, Fan S, Gierach GL, White AJ. Outdoor air pollution and terminal duct lobular involution of the normal breast. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:100. [PMID: 32972455 PMCID: PMC7513536 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to certain outdoor air pollutants may be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, though potential underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined whether outdoor air pollution was associated with involution of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), the histologic site where most cancers arise and an intermediate marker of breast cancer risk. Methods Pathologist-enumerated TDLUs were assessed in H&E (hematoxylin and eosin)-stained breast tissue sections from 1904 US women ages 18–75 who donated to the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank (2009–2012). The 2009 annual fine particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) total mass (μg/m3) at each woman’s residential address was estimated from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Downscaler Model combining Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) System modeling with air quality monitoring data. We secondarily considered CMAQ-modeled components of PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants. We used K-means clustering to identify groups of individuals with similar levels of PM2.5 components, selecting groups via cluster stability analysis. Relative rates (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between air pollutants and TDLU counts were estimated from a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model adjusted for potential confounders. Results PM2.5 total mass was associated with higher TDLU counts among all women (interquartile range (IQR) increase, RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.11). This association was evident among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (premenopausal RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11; postmenopausal RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.23). We identified 3 groups corresponding to clusters that varied geographically and roughly represented high, medium, and low levels of PM2.5 components relative to population mean levels. Compared to the cluster with low levels, the clusters with both high (RR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.08–2.80) and medium (RR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.13–2.93) levels were associated with higher TDLU counts; although not significantly different, the magnitude of the associations was stronger among postmenopausal women. Conclusions Higher PM2.5 levels were associated with reduced TDLU involution as measured by TDLU counts. Air pollution exposure may influence the histologic characteristics of normal tissue which could in turn affect breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Niehoff
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaoqi Fan
- Integrative Tumor Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Integrative Tumor Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Altuchova O, Polonikov A, Sorokina I, Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V, Golovchenko O, Churnosov M. Association of genetic polymorphisms with age at menarche in Russian women. Gene 2018; 686:228-236. [PMID: 30453067 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine the association of genetic polymorphisms with age at menarche (AAM) in Russian women. STUDY DESIGN A total of 1613 Russian females were recruited for the study. Fifty two polymorphisms were analyzed for their association with AAM, height, and BMI. The associations were analyzed assuming the additive, dominant, and recessive models and using the log-linear regression as implemented in PLINK v. 2.050. The 2-, 3-, and 4-loci models of gene-gene interactions were analyzed using the MB-MDR method and validated by the permutation test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic polymorphism rs6438424 3q13.32 was independently associated with AAM in Russian women. In addition, 14 SNPs were determined as possible contributors to this trait through gene-gene interactions. RESULTS The obtained results suggest that 14 out of 52 studied polymorphisms may contribute to AAM in Russian women. The rs6438424 3q13.32 polymorphism was associated with AAM according to both additive and dominant models (рperm = 0.005). In total 12 two-, three-, and four-locus models of gene-gene interactions were determined as contributing to AAM (pperm ≤ 0.006). Nine of the 14 AAM-associated SNPs are also associated with height and BMI (pperm ≤ 0.003). Among 14 AAM-associated SNPs (a priori all having regulatory significance), the highest regulatory potential was determined for rs4633 COMT, rs2164808 POMC, rs2252673INSR, rs6438424 3q13.32, and rs10769908 STK33. Eleven loci are cis-eQTL and affect expression of 14 genes in various tissues and organs (FDR < 0.05). The neuropeptide-encoding genes were overrepresented among the AAM-associated genes (pbonf = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS The rs6438424 polymorphism is independently associated with AAM in Russian females in this study. The other 14 SNPs manifest this association through gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia.
| | - Oksana Altuchova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Inna Sorokina
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Anna Yermachenko
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, 75571 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, 75320 Paris, France
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oleg Golovchenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
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Coignet MV, Zirpoli GR, Roberts MR, Khoury T, Bandera EV, Zhu Q, Yao S. Genetic variations, reproductive aging, and breast cancer risk in African American and European American women: The Women's Circle of Health Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187205. [PMID: 29073238 PMCID: PMC5658184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive aging phenotypes, including age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM), are well-established risk factors for breast cancer. In recent years, many genetic variants have been identified in association with AM and ANM in genome-wide association studies among European populations. Using data from the Women’s Circle of Health Study (WCHS) of 1,307 European-American (EA) and 1,365 African-American (AA) breast cancer cases and controls, we aimed to replicate 53 earlier GWAS variants for AM and ANM in AA and EA groups and to perform analyses on total and net reproductive lifespan (TRLS; NRLS). Breast cancer risk was also examined in relation to a polygenic risk score (PRS) for each of the reproductive aging phenotypes. We replicated a number of variants in EA women, including rs7759938 in LIN28B for AM and rs16991615 in MCM8 for ANM; whereas in the AA group, only one SNP (rs2947411 in TMEM18) for AM was directionally consistent and nominally significant. In analysis of TRLS and NRLS, several SNPs were significant, including rs466639 in RXRG that was associated with both phenotypes in both AA and EA groups. None of the PRS was associated with breast cancer risk. Given the paucity of data available among AA populations, our study contributes to the literature of genetics of reproductive aging in AA women and highlights the importance of cross population replication of GWAS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V. Coignet
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Gary Robert Zirpoli
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Roberts
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bodelon C, Oh H, Chatterjee N, Garcia-Closas M, Palakal M, Sherman ME, Pfeiffer RM, Geller B, Vacek P, Weaver DL, Chicoine R, Papathomas D, Xiang J, Patel DA, Khodr ZG, Linville L, Clare SE, Visscher DW, Mies C, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Storniolo AMV, He C, Chanock SJ, Gierach GL, Figueroa JD. Association between breast cancer genetic susceptibility variants and terminal duct lobular unit involution of the breast. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:825-832. [PMID: 27859137 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are the predominant source of future breast cancers, and lack of TDLU involution (higher TDLU counts, higher acini count per TDLU and the product of the two) is a breast cancer risk factor. Numerous breast cancer susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, but whether they are associated with TDLU involution is unknown. In a pooled analysis of 872 women from two studies, we investigated 62 established breast cancer SNPs and relationships with TDLU involution. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to calculate adjusted per-allele relative risks (with the non-breast cancer risk allele as the referent) and 95% confidence intervals between TDLU measures and each SNP. All statistical tests were two-sided; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, 36 SNPs (58.1%) were related to higher TDLU counts although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Six of the 62 SNPs (9.7%) were nominally associated with at least one TDLU measure: rs616488 (PEX14), rs11242675 (FOXQ1) and rs6001930 (MKL1) were associated with higher TDLU count (p = 0.047, 0.045 and 0.031, respectively); rs1353747 (PDE4D) and rs6472903 (8q21.11) were associated with higher acini count per TDLU (p = 0.007 and 0.027, respectively); and rs1353747 (PDE4D) and rs204247 (RANBP9) were associated with the product of TDLU and acini counts (p = 0.024 and 0.017, respectively). Our findings suggest breast cancer SNPs may not strongly influence TDLU involution. Agnostic genome-wide association studies of TDLU involution may provide new insights on its biologic underpinnings and breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bodelon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hannah Oh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Maya Palakal
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Daphne Papathomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zeina G Khodr
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura Linville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Carolyn Mies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics and Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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