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Samaja M, Ottolenghi S. The Oxygen Cascade from Atmosphere to Mitochondria as a Tool to Understand the (Mal)adaptation to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043670. [PMID: 36835089 PMCID: PMC9960749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a life-threatening challenge for about 1% of the world population, as well as a contributor to high morbidity and mortality scores in patients affected by various cardiopulmonary, hematological, and circulatory diseases. However, the adaptation to hypoxia represents a failure for a relevant portion of the cases as the pathways of potential adaptation often conflict with well-being and generate diseases that in certain areas of the world still afflict up to one-third of the populations living at altitude. To help understand the mechanisms of adaptation and maladaptation, this review examines the various steps of the oxygen cascade from the atmosphere to the mitochondria distinguishing the patterns related to physiological (i.e., due to altitude) and pathological (i.e., due to a pre-existing disease) hypoxia. The aim is to assess the ability of humans to adapt to hypoxia in a multidisciplinary approach that correlates the function of genes, molecules, and cells with the physiologic and pathological outcomes. We conclude that, in most cases, it is not hypoxia by itself that generates diseases, but rather the attempts to adapt to the hypoxia condition. This underlies the paradigm shift that when adaptation to hypoxia becomes excessive, it translates into maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Samaja
- MAGI GROUP, San Felice del Benaco, 25010 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Naryzhnaya NV, Maslov LN, Derkachev IA, Fu F. The Significance of NO-Synthase, Reactive Oxygen Species, Kinases and KATP-Channels in the Development of the Infarct-Limiting Effect of Adaptation to Hypoxia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Reinero M, Beghetti M, Tozzi P, Segesser LKV, Samaja M, Milano G. Nitric Oxide-cGMP Pathway Modulation in an Experimental Model of Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:665-676. [PMID: 33969747 PMCID: PMC8547238 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211014162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of nitric oxide (NO) may enable control of progression and treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Several approaches may modulate the NO-cGMP pathway in vivo. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of 3 modulatory sites: (i) the amount of l-arginine; (ii) the size of plasma NO stores that stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase; (iii) the conversion of cGMP into inactive 5′-GMP, with respect to hypoxia, to test the effectiveness of the treatments with respect to hypoxia-induced PH. Male rats (n = 80; 10/group) maintained in normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic chambers (10% O2) for 14 days were subdivided in 4 sub-groups: placebo, l-arginine (20 mg/ml), the NO donor molsidomine (15 mg/kg in drinking water), and phoshodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg in 0.3 ml saline, i.p.). Hypoxia depressed homeostasis and increased erythropoiesis, heart and right ventricle hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis inducing pulmonary remodeling. Stimulating anyone of the 3 mechanisms that enhance the NO-cGMP pathway helped rescuing the functional and morphological changes in the cardiopulmonary system leading to improvement, sometimes normalization, of the pressures. None of the treatments affected the observed parameters in normoxia. Thus, the 3 modulatory sites are essentially similar in enhancing the NO-cGMP pathway, thereby attenuating the hypoxia-related effects that lead to pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Reinero
- Department Cœur-Vaisseaux, Cardiac Surgery Center, 30635University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Beghetti
- Unité de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, 30538University Hospital of Geneva and Centre Universitaire Romand de Cardiologie et Chirurgie Cardiaque Pédiatrique University of Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piergiorgio Tozzi
- Department Cœur-Vaisseaux, Cardiac Surgery Center, 30635University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig K von Segesser
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Cardio-Vascular Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, 9304University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Milano
- Department Cœur-Vaisseaux, Cardiac Surgery Center, 30635University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Navarrete A, Chen Z, Aranda P, Poblete D, Utrera A, García-Herrera CM, Gonzalez-Candia A, Beñaldo FA, Ebensperger G, Reyes RV, Herrera EA, Llanos AJ. Study of the Effect of Treatment With Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Cinaciguat in Chronic Hypoxic Neonatal Lambs on Residual Strain and Microstructure of the Arteries. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:590488. [PMID: 33244466 PMCID: PMC7683788 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.590488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Cinaciguat, as experimental medicines to treat neonatal lambs exposed to chronic hypoxic conditions. To compare the different treatments, the mechanical responses of aorta, carotid, and femoral arterial walls were analyzed by means of axial pre-stretch and ring-opening tests, through a study with n = 6 animals for each group analyzed. The axial pre-stretch test measures the level of shortening in different zones of the arteries when extracted from lambs, while the ring-opening test is used to quantify the degree of residual circumferential deformation in a given zone of an artery. In addition, histological studies were carried out to measure elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) nuclei densities, both in control and treated groups. The results show that mechanical response is related with histological results, specifically in the proximal abdominal aorta (PAA) and distal carotid zones (DCA), where the cell nuclei content is related to a decrease of residual deformations. The opening angle and the elastic fibers of the aorta artery were statistically correlated (p < 0.05). Specifically, in PAA zone, there are significant differences of opening angle and cell nuclei density values between control and treated groups (p-values to opening angle: Control-ANP = 2 ⋅ 10-2, Control-Cinaciguat = 1 ⋅ 10-2; p-values to cell nuclei density: Control-ANP = 5 ⋅ 10-4, Control-Cinaciguat = 2 ⋅ 10-2). Respect to distal carotid zone (DCA), significant differences between Control and Cinaciguat groups were observed to opening angle (p-value = 4 ⋅ 10-2), and cell nuclei density (p-value = 1 ⋅ 10-2). Our findings add evidence that medical treatments may have effects on the mechanical responses of arterial walls and should be taken into account when evaluating the complete medical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zhuoming Chen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Aranda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Poblete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Utrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Candia
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Beñaldo
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - German Ebensperger
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto V. Reyes
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anibal J. Llanos
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Moccia F, Gerbino A, Lionetti V, Miragoli M, Munaron LM, Pagliaro P, Pasqua T, Penna C, Rocca C, Samaja M, Angelone T. COVID-19-associated cardiovascular morbidity in older adults: a position paper from the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Researches. GeroScience 2020; 42:1021-1049. [PMID: 32430627 PMCID: PMC7237344 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells following binding with the cell surface ACE2 receptors, thereby leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 causes viral pneumonia with additional extrapulmonary manifestations and major complications, including acute myocardial injury, arrhythmia, and shock mainly in elderly patients. Furthermore, patients with existing cardiovascular comorbidities, such as hypertension and coronary heart disease, have a worse clinical outcome following contraction of the viral illness. A striking feature of COVID-19 pandemics is the high incidence of fatalities in advanced aged patients: this might be due to the prevalence of frailty and cardiovascular disease increase with age due to endothelial dysfunction and loss of endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms. Although experimental evidence on this topic is still at its infancy, the aim of this position paper is to hypothesize and discuss more suggestive cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby SARS-CoV-2 may lead to detrimental consequences to the cardiovascular system. We will focus on aging, cytokine storm, NLRP3/inflammasome, hypoxemia, and air pollution, which is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor associated with rapid urbanization and globalization. We will finally discuss the impact of clinically available CV drugs on the clinical course of COVID-19 patients. Understanding the role played by SARS-CoV2 on the CV system is indeed mandatory to get further insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and to design a therapeutic strategy of cardio-protection for frail patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Gerbino
- CNR-Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - V Lionetti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
- UOS Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Miragoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - L M Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Pagliaro
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - T Pasqua
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S., University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - C Penna
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - C Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S., University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - M Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - T Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S., University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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Aljanabi MA, Alfaqih MA, Al-Khayat AMA, Bataineh HN. Sildenafil reverses the hypertrophy of mice right ventricle caused by hypoxia but does not reverse the changes in the myosin heavy chain isoforms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 12:79-87. [PMID: 32714496 PMCID: PMC7364391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia and concomitant sildenafil treatment on MHC isoforms in hypoxia-induced hypertrophied right ventricles. Right ventricular hypertrophy was induced in mice by exposing them to hypoxic stimulus (11% ambient oxygen) in a normobaric chamber for 20 days. 45 mice were used in this study, distributed randomly into three groups: the first group served as a control (CO), the second group was exposed to hypoxia for 20 days without sildenafil treatment (HY), and the third group was given sildenafil orally at a dose of 30 mg.kg-1.day-1 plus exposure to hypoxia for 20 days (HS). Relative amounts of MHC isoforms were calculated using two ELISA kits containing antibodies against α and β MHC, and by SDS-PAGE. Compared with the CO group, the HY group showed a significant increase in right ventricle weight/left ventricle plus septum ratio (Fulton's ratio). The HS group showed a significant decrease in Fulton's ratio compared with the HY group, but not with the CO group. Expression of the MHC-β isoform was significantly increased in the HY group compared with the CO group. There was no significant difference in MHC-β between the HY group and the HS group. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level was significantly higher in HY group than HS group and did not return to normal after sildenafil treatment. Conclusion: sildenafil reversed the right ventricular hypertrophy induced by hypoxia but did not decrease the expression of MHC-β to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhallad A Aljanabi
- Department of Physiology/Faculty of MEDICINE/Jordan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud A Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology/Faculty of MEDICINE/Jordan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anwar Mohammad A Al-Khayat
- Department of Physiology/Faculty of MEDICINE/Jordan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hameed N Bataineh
- Department of Physiology/Faculty of MEDICINE/Jordan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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