Preparation and Application of Ordered Mesoporous Metal Oxide Catalytic Materials

Interactions of CO and/or H2O with mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalysts: the role of MSI effects

Mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalysts have been widely used in heterogeneous catalysis owing to their unique physicochemical properties such as uniform channels, tunable pore size, adjustable particle size, large pore volumes, big specific surface areas and tunable metal-support interaction (MSI). Carbon monoxide and water are the two gaseous species most seen in heterogeneous catalytic reactions including the water-gas shift reaction, CO oxidation, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Studying the interactions of CO and/or H2O with mesoporous oxide supported metal catalysts will benefit in the rational design of efficient catalysts, with designed structures and better performance. This feature article focuses on the metal-support interactions that play a vital role in catalytic activity, by reviewing recent studies in the literature and research from our group in the past five years. With the advance in various spectroscopic techniques such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy (XAS, XPS), one can better understand the interactions of CO and H2O on mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalysts, MSI and its role in tuning catalytic activity.

Microstructure, ion adsorption and magnetic behavior of mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 ferrite nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles with capacity for surface functionalisation have potential applications in water purification and biomedicine. Here, a simple co-precipitation technique was used to synthesize mesoporous ferrite nanoparticles in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellular surfactant. The as-synthesized ferrite nanoparticles were calcined at 250 °C for 5, 10, 15, and 24 h to remove the surfactant and create a mesoporous structure. The prepared samples were characterised using a wide range of analytical techniques. Microscopical images showed that all uncalcined particles have cauliflower shape without porosity. However, after calcination, surface and deep pores were created on the synthesized nanoparticles. In addition, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of calcined nanoparticles revealed a wormhole-like structure, which is typical for the mesoporous architectures. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), the uncalcined and calcined samples exhibit pure Fe3O4 (magnetite) and γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) ferrite phases, respectively. The γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area with pore diameters smaller than 10 nm and a type IV isotherm similar to the mesopores. Hysteresis loops measured by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) showed the superparamagnetic nature for mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagram revealed the formation of a mesoporous structure in calcined materials which reduces coercive distribution (Hc) and magnetostatic interaction (Hu) once compared to non-calcined samples. Mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were successfully employed as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions of Pb(ii) from an aqueous solution. The highest lead ion adsorption was observed in mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared with 3% CTAB.

Electroless Ni plated nanostructured TiO2 as a photocatalyst for solar hydrogen production

Herein, we have demonstrated a facile electroless Ni coated nanostructured TiO2 photocatalyst for the first time. More significantly the photocatalytic water splitting shows excellent performance for hydrogen production which is hitherto unattempted. The structural study exhibits majorly the anatase phase along with the minor rutile phase of TiO2. Interestingly, electroless nickel deposited on the TiO2 nanoparticles of size 20 nm shows a cubic structure with nanometer scale Ni coating (1-2 nm). XPS supports the existence of Ni without any oxygen impurity. The FTIR and Raman studies support the formation of TiO2 phases without any other impurities. The optical study shows a red shift in the band gap due to optimum nickel loading. The emission spectra show variation in the intensity of the peaks with Ni concentration. The vacancy defects are pronounced in lower concentrations of Ni loading which shows the formation of a huge number of charge carriers. The electroless Ni loaded TiO2 has been used as a photocatalyst for water splitting under solar light. The primary results manifest that the hydrogen evolution of electroless Ni plated TiO2 is 3.5 times higher (1600 μmol g-1 h-1) than pristine TiO2 (470 μmol g-1 h-1). As shown in the TEM images, nickel is completely electroless plated on the TiO2 surface, which accelerates the fast transport of electrons to the surface. It suppresses the electron-hole recombination drastically which is responsible for higher hydrogen evolution using electroless Ni plated TiO2. The recycling study exhibits a similar amount of hydrogen evolution at similar conditions which shows the stability of the Ni loaded sample. Interestingly, Ni powder loaded TiO2 did not show any hydrogen evolution. Hence, the approach of electroless plating of nickel over the semiconductor surface will have potential as a good photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution.

Mesoporous Copper-Magnesium Oxide Hybrid Nanocatalyzed Synthesis of 3-Substituted Isocoumarins from 2-Iodobenzoic Acid and Terminal Alkyne under Green Conditions

A 3-substituted isocoumarin scaffold has captivated extensive interest in synthetic and medicinal chemistry due to its presence in various natural products with diverse biological activities. Herein, we report a mesoporous CuO@MgO nanocomposite that was prepared via the sugar-blowing induced confined method with an E-factor of 12.2 and its catalytic potential in the facile synthesis of 3-substituted isocoumarin from 2-iodobenzoic acids and terminal alkynes. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques were utilized for the characterization of the as-prepared nanocomposite. A broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, excellent yield in short reaction time, no usage of additives, and better green chemistry metrices such as a low E-factor (0.71), high reaction mass efficiency (58.28%), low process mass efficiency (1.71), and high turnover number (629) are the various advantages of the present synthetic route. The nanocatalyst was recycled and reused up to five runs without significant loss in its catalytic activity and a very low leaching of copper (3.20 ppm) and magnesium ions (0.72 ppm). Powder X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques confirmed the structural integrity of the recycled CuO@MgO nanocomposite.

Effect of extrusion-spheronization granulation and manganese loading on catalytic ozonation of petrochemical wastewater

The petrochemical secondary effluent (PSE) is typical refractory wastewater derived from the petrochemical industries, which requires advanced treatment due to the strict environmental protection policies. Catalytic ozonation is one of the most widely used advanced oxidation technologies in wastewater treatment because of its high mineralization rate, in which the alumina-based catalyst usually plays an important role. Extrusion-spheronization is a promising technique for the preparation of alumina spheres because the synthesized alumina particles have high sphericity, high specific surface aera and narrow particle size distribution. In this paper, two kinds of alumina-based catalysts (catalyst A: manganese nitrate added after alumina granulation and catalyst B: manganese nitrate added into alumina powder before granulation) were prepared by the extrusion-spheronization method and used for PSE treatment by catalytic ozonation. The prepared alumina samples were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the wastewater samples were analyzed for Total organic carbon (TOC), UV₂₅₄ and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results showed that manganese was uniformly distributed in both catalysts, and the specific surface area of two catalysts was 318.36 m²/g and 354.95 m²/g, respectively. Catalytic ozonation experiments were repeated nine times with each catalyst under the same conditions. The TOC removal rates for catalysts A and B in the first run were 48.88% and 49.06%, respectively, then it dropped to 28.05% for catalyst A but remained 47.81% for catalyst B after using for nine times. This implied that the long-term performance of catalyst B would be more stable than catalyst A. Similar result were found in three-dimensional fluorescence analysis. UV₂₅₄ results indicated that the removal efficiency of aromatic and unsaturated substances by catalyst B was higher than catalyst A. A possible explanation is that the active component manganese oxide formed a catalyst skeleton in catalyst B, which makes it hard to dissolve. Effect of extrusion-spheronization granulation and manganese loading on advanced oxidant treatment of petrochemical wastewater.

Recent Developments in Activated Carbon Catalysts Based on Pore Size Regulation in the Application of Catalytic Ozonation

Due to its highly developed pore structure and large specific surface area, activated carbon is often used as a catalyst or catalyst carrier in catalytic ozonation. Although the pore structure of activated carbon plays a significant role in the treatment of wastewater and the mass transfer of ozone molecules, the effect is complicated and unclear. Because different application scenarios require catalysts with different pore structures, catalysts with appropriate pore structure characteristics should be developed. In this review, we systematically summarized the current adjustment methods for the pore structure of activated carbon, including raw material, carbonization, activation, modification, and loading. Then, based on the brief introduction of the application of activated carbon in catalytic ozonation, the effects of pore structure on catalytic ozonation and mass transfer are reviewed. Furthermore, we proposed that the effect of pore structure is mainly to provide catalytic active sites, promote free radical generation, and reduce mass transfer resistance. Therefore, large external surface area and reasonable pore size distribution are conducive to catalytic ozonation and mass transfer.

Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Zr-Al Composite Oxides with Excellent Structural and Textural Properties and Extremely High Stability

Ordered mesoporous Zr-Al composite oxide materials (denoted as OMZA-x) with different Zr contents have been synthesized by a solvent evaporation-inducing self-assembly procedure associated with a thermal treatment at 100 °C. A cooperative co-assembly process of amphiphilic triblock copolymer F127 molecules and inorganic hydroxyl species originated from the hydrolysis of Zr and Al precursors was proposed to explain the synthesis of OMZA-x. Compared to ordered mesoporous alumina prepared without introducing Zr species, the resultant OMZA-x exhibited a much more ordered mesostructure combined with a distinct increase in the pore volume and specific surface area. The highly homogenous doping of Zr into the mesopore walls together with the formation of Zr-O-Al bonds can effectively enhance the thermal and hydrothermal stability of OMZA-x. For instance, the ordered mesostructure and excellent textural properties of OMZA-6 prepared with the optimum atomic ratio of Al to Zr of 6 could be well maintained even after a high-temperature treatment at 1000 °C for 1 h or a hydrothermal treatment at 100 °C for 6 h.