Dissociation of the X chromosome from the synaptonemal complex in the XY body of the rodent Galea musteloides

Dual mechanism of chromatin remodeling in the common shrew sex trivalent (XY 1Y 2)

Here we focus on the XY₁Y₂ condition in male common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758, applying electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for a comprehensive analysis of structure, synapsis and behaviour of the sex trivalent in pachytene spermatocytes. The pachytene sex trivalent consists of three distinct parts: short and long synaptic SC fragments (between the X and Y₁ and between the X and Y₂, respectively) and a long asynaptic region of the X in-between. Chromatin inactivation was revealed in the XY₁ synaptic region, the asynaptic region of the X and a very small asynaptic part of the Y₂. This inactive part of the sex trivalent, that we named the 'head', forms a typical sex body and is located at the periphery of the meiotic nucleus at mid pachytene. The second part or 'tail', a long region of synapsis between the X and Y₂ chromosomes, is directed from the periphery into the nucleus. Based on the distribution patterns of four proteins involved in chromatin inactivation, we propose a model of meiotic silencing in shrew sex chromosomes. Thus, we conclude that pachytene sex chromosomes are structurally and functionally two different chromatin domains with specific nuclear topology: the peripheral inactivated 'true' sex chromosome regions (part of the X and the Y₁) and more centrally located transcriptionally active autosomal segments (part of the X and the Y₂).

Protein markers of synaptic behavior and chromatin remodeling of the neo-XY body in phyllostomid bats

The XX/XY system is the rule among mammals. However, many exceptions from this general pattern have been discovered since the last decades. One of these non-conventional sex chromosome mechanisms is the multiple sex chromosome system, which is evolutionary fixed among many bat species of the family Phyllostomidae, and has arisen by a translocation between one original gonosome (X or Y chromosome), and an autosome, giving rise to a "neo-XY body." The aim of this work is to study the synaptic behavior and the chromatin remodeling of multiple sex chromosomes in different species of phyllostomid bats using electron microscopy and molecular markers. Testicular tissues from adult males of the species Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Uroderma bilobatum, and Vampyrodes caraccioli from the eastern Amazonia were analyzed by optical/electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of meiotic proteins involved in synapsis (SYCP3 and SYCE3), sister-chromatid cohesion (SMC3), and chromatin silencing (BRCA1, γ-H2AX, and RNApol 2). The presence of asynaptic axes-labeled by BRCA1 and γ-H2AX-at meiotic prophase in testes that have a normal development of spermatogenesis, suggests that the basic mechanism that arrests spreading of transcriptional silencing (meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI)) to the autosomal segments may be per se the formation of a functional synaptonemal complex between homologous or non-homologous regions, and thus, this SC barrier might be probably related to the preservation of fertility in these systems.