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Lee SY, Bahn GH. Patterns of the Diagnosis Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in the Population Aged 0-18 Years Based on the Nationwide Insurance Sample Data. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2020; 31:214-224. [PMID: 33110359 PMCID: PMC7584282 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to examine the trend in diagnostic prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Methods Individuals aged 0–18 years were included in the study based on the National Health Insurance Claims Data. To investigate the trends in diagnosis and diagnostic prevalence of psychiatric disorders reflecting the decrease in the birth rate, data were analyzed from 2010 as a reference year to 2015. Results The number of patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorder decreased annually, from 23,412 on 2010 to 18,821 on 2015. The most common disorder was hyperkinetic disorder in male and depressive episode in female. Although there was no significant change in overall diagnostic prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders, age groups <10 years and some disorders had significant changes in prevalence rate. This study classified the diagnostic prevalence by age into two unique patterns: group in which the diagnosis rate increases with age and group in which the diagnosis rate peaks at a certain age and then decreases. Conclusion Diagnostic prevalence of psychiatric disorders was different according to age and sex. These patterns should be reflected in the formulation of policies related to mental health and in medical practice for pediatric patients. It is urgent to identify how these patterns change in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to identify factors for treatment non-persistence in patients with ADHD. Method: Data for 100 patients with ADHD aged 5 to 16 who completed the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version (K-SADS-PL-K) and Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC) were obtained between 2008 and 2013. Patients were classified as treatment-persistent and treatment-non-persistent based on 6-month follow-up. Sociodemographic data, comorbidities, intelligence quotient (IQ), severity, and social/school functioning were compared. Results: Adolescence and poor parental spousal relationships significantly predicted treatment non-persistence. Although comorbid major depressive disorder and absence of transient tic disorder were associated with treatment non-persistence, there was no difference in overall psychiatric comorbidity. No differences existed for IQ, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score, peer relationships, and academic achievement. Conclusion: Lower treatment persistence was associated with adolescence, comorbid depression, absence of tics, and poor parental spousal relationships, but not with symptom severity or impairment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiung Park
- Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongseog Kim
- Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim MJ, Park I, Lim MH, Paik KC, Cho S, Kwon HJ, Lee SG, Yoo SJ, Ha M. Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and its Comorbidity among Korean Children in a Community Population. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:401-406. [PMID: 28145641 PMCID: PMC5290097 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in children according to socio-demographic factors and the distribution of ADHD subtypes in a community in Korea. A screening survey using the Korean version of ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) was conducted between 2007 and 2008, and clinical interviews by a pediatric psychiatrist were performed for selected children between 2009 and 2010. A total of 49,573 elementary school students, between ages of 7 and 12, constituted the target population, among which 38,365 students (77.2%) and respective parents gave consent to participate. Of the participants, 200 screened children were clinically examined to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD. We estimated the prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidity in the population, after adjusting for nonresponse and nonparticipation. The prevalence of ADHD was 11.7% in boys and 5.2% in girls, with an overall prevalence of 8.5%. The combined type of inattentive and hyperactive was the most frequent at 4.7% of the whole population. Children were more likely to have ADHD if their parents were separated and had less education. Most commonly combined comorbidity was autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (10.1%). The prevalence of ADHD in the school-aged population is an essential information for improving the quality of public health mental services for evaluation and treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Inho Park
- Department of Statistics, Pukyong National University College of Natural Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ki Chung Paik
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sungja Cho
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho Jang Kwon
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Department of Hospital Management, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jin Yoo
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
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Kim MH, Ahn JS, Min S. Psychometric Properties of the Self-Report Version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:491-9. [PMID: 26508960 PMCID: PMC4620306 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.4.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the reliability and validity of the self-report Korean version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Kr) in the community sample. METHODS The SDQ-Kr was administered to a large sample of school children and adolescents (n=2814) and youth attendees of a psychiatric clinic (n=385) aged 11-16 years. To examine temporal stability, the same questionnaire was administered to a subsample of 167 school youths five to six weeks after the initial assessment. To examine the reliability, we calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency and Pearson's correlations for test-retest stability. In order to evaluate the factorial structure of the SDQ-Kr items, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation. Finally, discriminant validity was examined by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves employing the area under the curve (AUC) as an index of discriminant ability. RESULTS Although the internal consistency of some subscales of the SDQ-Kr was somewhat less satisfactory (alpha coefficients; 0.28-0.54) than the English original, coefficients for the total difficulties scores approached sufficient levels (coefficients; 0.69). Other psychometric properties including discriminant validity (AUC for total difficulties and four subscales >0.7) were comparable to those obtained in other language studies. CONCLUSION The self-report SDQ-Kr exhibited a low level of reliability, indicating that some items need to be further evaluated and revised to improve the psychometric properties. We suggest that the total difficulties score could be used with more confidence for screening possible mental health problems in youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Sook Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Na KS, Lee SI, Hong HJ, Oh MJ, Bahn GH, Ha K, Shin YM, Song J, Park EJ, Yoo H, Kim H, Kyung YM. The influence of unsupervised time on elementary school children at high risk for inattention and problem behaviors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1120-1127. [PMID: 24938742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, changing socioeconomic and family structures have increasingly left children alone without adult supervision. Carefully prepared and limited periods of unsupervised time are not harmful for children. However, long unsupervised periods have harmful effects, particularly for those children at high risk for inattention and problem behaviors. In this study, we examined the influence of unsupervised time on behavior problems by studying a sample of elementary school children at high risk for inattention and problem behaviors. The study analyzed data from the Children's Mental Health Promotion Project, which was conducted in collaboration with education, government, and mental health professionals. The child behavior checklist (CBCL) was administered to assess problem behaviors among first- and fourth-grade children. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of unsupervised time on children's behavior. A total of 3,270 elementary school children (1,340 first-graders and 1,930 fourth-graders) were available for this study; 1,876 of the 3,270 children (57.4%) reportedly spent a significant amount of time unsupervised during the day. Unsupervised time that exceeded more than 2h per day increased the risk of delinquency, aggressive behaviors, and somatic complaints, as well as externalizing and internalizing problems. Carefully planned afterschool programming and care should be provided to children at high risk for inattention and problem behaviors. Also, a more comprehensive approach is needed to identify the possible mechanisms by which unsupervised time aggravates behavior problems in children predisposed for these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, College of Medicine, Soochunhyang University, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea; Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ja Oh
- Mental Health Nurse, Gyeonggi Provincial Mental Health Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ha
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Mi Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Song
- Department of Psychiatry, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital & Seongnam Child and Adolescent Community Mental Health Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital & Gyeonggi Provincial Mental Health Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Kyung
- Mental Health Nurse, Gyeonggi Provincial Mental Health Center, Republic of Korea
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Gau SSF, Lin YJ, Shang CY, Liu SK, Chiu YN, Soong WT. Emotional/behavioral problems and functional impairment in clinic- and community-based children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:521-32. [PMID: 20069354 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a sample of 268 patients and 137 community-based children with DSM-IV ADHD, and 268 school controls, aged 6-15, this study aimed to compare the emotional/behavioral problems and functional impairment between clinic- and community-based children with ADHD. Children's ADHD-related symptoms, a wide range of emotional/behavioral problems, and functional impairments were assessed by the psychiatric interviews and self-, parent- and teacher-reported questionnaires. Both ADHD groups scored higher in parent- and teacher-reported ADHD-related symptoms, wide-ranging emotional/behavioral problems, and impairments in the school, peer, family, and leisure time domains than school controls. However, clinic-based children with ADHD had more physical/developmental problems, more severe functional impairments and teacher-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, and higher family burdens than their community counterparts. Our findings suggest that a higher maternal educational level, parent's perceived child functional impairment, teacher's perceived impaired peer relationship and hyperactivity-impulsivity, and child physical and developmental problems may be related to the psychiatric referrals of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10002.
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Cho SC, Kim BN, Kim JW, Rohde LA, Hwang JW, Chungh DS, Shin MS, Lyoo IK, Go BJ, Lee SE, Kim HW. Full syndrome and subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Korean community sample: comorbidity and temperament findings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18:447-57. [PMID: 19205781 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-009-0755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to investigate the comorbid disorders and temperamental profiles of full syndrome and subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A sample of 2,493 students was randomly selected from six representative elementary schools in Seoul, Korea. Among 245 children with full syndrome and subthreshold ADHD diagnosed by the diagnostic interview schedule for children-4th version, parents of 185 subjects (mean age 9.0 +/- 1.7 years) and of a random sample of 185 age- and gender-matched non-ADHD children have completed the parent's version of the children behavior checklist (CBCL) and the juvenile temperament and character inventory (JTCI). RESULTS The prevalence rates of full syndrome and subthreshold ADHD were, respectively, 5.90% (95% confidence interval = 4.74-7.06) and 9.00% (95% confidence interval = 7.58-10.41). Subthreshold ADHD cases did not differ from full syndrome ADHD in any JTCI profile, showing high novelty seeking/low persistence/low self-directedness than controls. Subthreshold ADHD also showed increased risk for externalizing disorders and higher scores in eight CBCL scales (somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, social problems, attention problems, delinquent behaviors, aggressive behaviors, externalizing problems and total behavioral problems) compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support the clinical relevance of subthreshold ADHD in Asian culture. Increased clinical awareness for children with subthreshold ADHD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Churl Cho
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cho SM, Kim HS, Kim HJ, Shin YM. Perceived need and use of child mental health services in Korea. Community Ment Health J 2009; 45:56-61. [PMID: 18751898 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-008-9160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the degree of perceived need and use of child mental health services in Korea, as well as the factors associated therewith. The sample consisted of 3,477 children aged 8-13 years. Overall, 10.4% of the parents demonstrated a perceived need for mental health services regarding their children's emotional or behavioral problems, while 1.9% used mental health services. Although the perceived need for mental health services is high, only a small proportion of children receive them. Whether a child receives mental health care is influenced by the child's psychopathology, especially when social and/or thought problems exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Cho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Polanczyk G, Jensen P. Epidemiologic considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008; 17:245-60, vii. [PMID: 18295145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are essential for planning health services and implementing strategies of detection and early intervention, with possible substantial benefits on public health. This article addresses methodological aspects of prevalence studies, recent findings on the prevalence of ADHD in childhood and adolescence based on a systematic review, current findings on the persistence of the disorder over time and prevalence in adulthood, and factors associated with ADHD. Evidence from the reviewed literature indicates the importance of methodological aspects in the understanding of epidemiologic findings and the necessity of large-scale cross-national studies. Moreover, governments clearly must direct attention to childhood mental disorders to guarantee a healthy future for their countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Polanczyk
- ADHD Program, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90035-003.
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