Recent progress in the synthesis of thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles (microreview)

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Series of Bis-1,2,4-Triazoles as Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitor

INTRODUCTION

Heterocyclic compounds have diverse biological activities and potential in drug development. This study aims to synthesize novel compounds with two 1,2,4-triazole cores and evaluate their biological properties, particularly their inhibitory activity against thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme involved in various physiological processes.

METHODS

The compounds were synthesized by reacting 5,5'-butane-bis-1,2,4-triazole derivatives with prenyl bromide. Characterization involved various techniques, including spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial potential was evaluated against bacteria and fungi, with comparative antibiotics as references. Inhibitory activity against TP was assessed, and molecular docking studies were conducted.

RESULTS

Six compounds were successfully synthesized and their structures confirmed. The synthesized triazole derivatives exhibited high biological activity, with compounds 2 and 6 showing the most promising TP inhibition. Molecular docking studies revealed interactions between compound 2 and TP, involving nine amino acids.

DISCUSSION

The synthesis of novel compounds with two 1,2,4-triazole cores contributes significantly to bis-triazole research. These compounds have potential as anti-tumor agents due to their inhibitory activity against TP, a crucial enzyme in tumor growth and metastasis. Comparative evaluation against antibiotics highlights their potency. Docking results provide insights into their interactions with TP, supporting their potential as potent TP inhibitors. Further research should focus on evaluating their efficacy in biological models, understanding their mechanisms of action, and optimizing their activities.

CONCLUSION

The synthesized compounds with two 1,2,4-triazole cores exhibit significant biological activity, including strong TP inhibition and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. These findings emphasize their potential as anti-tumor agents and the need for further exploration and optimization. Future research should focus on evaluating their efficacy in biological models, understanding their mechanisms of action, and developing more potent bis-triazole derivatives for drug discovery efforts. The combined results from assays and docking studies support the therapeutic potential of these compounds as anti-tumor agents.

Palladium-Catalysed Intermolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Reagents Alternative to Aryl Halides: Current State of the Art

Abstract:

Abstract: This unprecedented review with 322 references provides a critical up-to-date picture of the Pd-catalysed intermolecular direct C–H bond arylation of heteroarenes with arylating reagents alternative to aryl halides that include aryl sulfonates (aryl triflates, tosylates, mesylates, and imidazole-1-sulfonates), diaryliodonium salts, [(diacetoxy)iodo]arenes, arenediazonium salts, 1-aryltriazenes, arylhydrazines and N’-arylhydrazides, arenesulfonyl chlorides, sodium arenesulfinates, arenesulfinic acids, and arenesulfonohydrazides. Particular attention has been paid to summarise the preparation of the various arylating reagents and to highlight the practicality, versatility, and limitations of the various developed arylation protocols, also comparing their results with those achieved in analogous Pd-catalysed arylation reactions involving the use of aryl halides as electrophiles. Mechanistic proposals have also been briefly summarised and discussed. However, data concerning Pd-catalysed direct C–H bond arylations involving the C–H bonds of aryl substituents of the examined heteroarene derivatives have not been taken into account.

Visible-light-mediated regioselective synthesis of novel thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles: advantageous synthetic application of aqueous conditions

From a green chemistry perspective, sustainable irradiation as the power source and water as the solvent have certainly grabbed the attention of chemists in recent times because their use helps reduce the hazardous ecological footprints of organic synthesis. In the present work, we have established an efficient, straightforward and green protocol for the regioselective synthesis of novel functionalized thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles. The visible-light-mediated catalyst-free reaction of diversely substituted α-bromodiketones, generated in situ by the reaction of NBS and 1,3-diketones, with 3-mercapto[1,2,4]triazoles under aqueous conditions afforded thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives in excellent yields. The structure of the regioisomer has been confirmed explicitly by heteronuclear 2D-NMR [(¹H-¹³C) HMBC, (¹H-¹³C) HMQC] spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies. Radical initiating and trapping experiments supported the free radical mechanism for the cyclization.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of functional derivatives of thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles

Background:

Condensed triazoles are a well-known class of heterocyclic compounds due to a wide range of biological activity. The study is dedicated to the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of new functional derivatives of thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles.

Methods:

Effective, easy-to-implement and low-cost routes to the production of title compounds via electrophilic intramolecular heterocyclization are reported. Bactericidal and fungicidal activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungus were studied. The influence of functional groups on the biological activity of tested thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles is discussed.

Results:

Microbiological evaluation shows that 6-[(trichlorotellanyl)methyl]-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazol-3-amine hydrogen chloride 2a and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(trichloro-λ4-tellanyl)methyl]-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazole 2g have a high bactericidal activity and Cu (I) salts of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-iodomethyl/6-methylidene-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo-[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazoles 5a,c have a high fungicidal activity.

Conclusion:

it must be concluded that these products or their derivatives may be of practical benefit as bactericidal and fungicidal agents.

Green Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives using Multi-component Reaction of Aldehydes, Isothiocyanate and Alkyl Bromides: Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

Aims & Objective: In this work, the multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, benzoylisothiocyanate and alkyl bromides in the presence of ammonium acetate, sodium cyanide and a catalytic amount of KF/Clinoptilolite nanoparticles (KF/CP NPs) in the water at 100oC was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In these reactions, thiazole derivatives were produced in good to excellent yields and short time. Also, the antioxidant activity was studied for some newly synthesized compounds using the DPPH radical trapping and reducing of ferric ion experiments and comparing results with the synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ and BHT).

RESULTS

As a result, the compounds 4b showed excellent DPPH radical trapping and reducing the strength of ferric ion. These compounds have biological potential because of the thiazole core. For this reason, the antimicrobial activity of some synthesized compounds was studied by employing the disk diffusion test on Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.

CONCLUSION

The results of the disk diffusion test showed that these compounds prevented bacterial growth.

[1,3]Thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium salts: synthesis, properties and structural studies

The reactions of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium salts with nucleophiles were investigated. Theoretical investigation of reactivity descriptors and structural parameters of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium cation was carried out, and the reactivity centers of the model salts were located. An efficient general method for the synthesis of novel poly-functional derivatives of symmetric triazoles from [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium halides was developed. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and single-crystal X-ray analysis.