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Zhang M, Liu T, Chen XQ, Jin H, Lv JJ, Wang S, Yu X, Yang C, Wang ZJ. Recent advances in electrochemical 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes: mechanisms and perspectives. Org Biomol Chem 2025; 23:2323-2357. [PMID: 39932496 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01673d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
In recent years, significant achievements have been made in the field of electroorganic chemistry regarding the difunctionalization of alkenes. Researchers have developed innovative strategies utilizing the unique reactivity of electrochemical processes to synthesize complex molecules with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. This technology is widely applied in the total synthesis of natural products and in the pharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the research progress in the electrochemical difunctionalization of alkenes through three different radical-mediated pathways over the past five years. It includes discussions on 1,2-stereoselective and non-diastereoselective difunctionalization reactions, rearrangements, intramolecular migrations, and cyclization processes. The summary emphasizes innovative electrode designs, reaction mechanisms, and the integration with other emerging technologies, highlighting the potential of this method in modern organic chemistry. Additionally, it aims to address current challenges and propose possible solutions, providing a promising direction for electrochemically mediated difunctionalization reactions of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qiu Chen
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Huile Jin
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Lv
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Shun Wang
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Chuntian Yang
- Wenzhou Institute of Industry & Science, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Jun Wang
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Thadathil DA, Varghese A, Radhakrishnan KV. The Renaissance of Electro‐Organic Synthesis for the Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes: A Sustainable Approach. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ditto Abraham Thadathil
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Kokkuvayil Vasu Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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Synthetic Applications of Aziridinium Ions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061774. [PMID: 33809951 PMCID: PMC8004105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonactivated aziridine with an electron-donating group at the ring nitrogen should be activated to an aziridinium ion prior to being converted to cyclic and acyclic nitrogen-containing molecules. This review describes ways to generate aziridinium ions and their utilization for synthetic purposes. Specifically, the intra- and intermolecular formation of aziridinium ions with proper electrophiles are classified, and their regio- and stereoselective transformations with nucleophiles are described on the basis of recent developments.
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Wolgemuth DK, Elmore SD, Cope JD, Sheridan PE, Stokes SL, Emerson JP. Manganese-catalyzed aziridination of olefins with chloramine-T in water and buffered aqueous solutions. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Reddy RB, M V, Krishnan MA, Chelvam V. Synthesis of tubuvaline (Tuv) fragment of tubulysin via diastereoselective dihydroxylation of homoallylamine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1855355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B. Reddy
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Vijay M
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Mena Asha Krishnan
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Venkatesh Chelvam
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Ashitha KT, Vinaya PP, Krishna A, Vincent DC, Jalaja R, Varughese S, Balappa Somappa S. I2/TBHP mediated diastereoselective synthesis of spiroaziridines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1588-1593. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple metal free protocol for the diastereoselective synthesis of spiroaziridines using easily accessible substrates is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizhakkan Thiruthi Ashitha
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Puthiya Purayil Vinaya
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Ajay Krishna
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Deepthy Cheeran Vincent
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Renjitha Jalaja
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Sunil Varughese
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - Sasidhar Balappa Somappa
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
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