1
|
Ardizzone A, Mannino D, Casili G, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Lanza M, Filippone A, Repici A, Bova V, Capra AP, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Efficacy of an oral suspension containing xyloglucan and pea proteins on a murine model of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1610-1622. [PMID: 38296262 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common foregut disease, affecting about 20% of the adult population. Esophageal epithelial barrier plays a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of GERD; however, pharmacological therapies mainly aim to reduce the acidity of the gastroesophageal environment rather than to protect esophageal tissue integrity. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of an oral solution containing xyloglucan and pea proteins (XP) in reestablishing gastroesophageal tissue integrity and biochemical markers. To induce GERD, C57BL/6 mice were alternatively overfed and fasted for 56 days and then treated with XP, sodium alginate, omeprazole, or omeprazole+XP twice daily for 7 days. Gastric pain and inflammatory markers were evaluated after 3 and 7 days of treatment. After sacrifice, the esophagi and stomachs were surgically removed for macroscopic and histological examination. Gastric pain was significantly reduced at days 3 and 7 by XP, omeprazole, and omeprazole+XP, while alginates were ineffective at day 3. XP was able to diminish gastric macroscopic damage and demonstrated the same efficacy as omeprazole in reducing esophageal damage. XP significantly reduced histological damage, with an efficacy comparable to that of omeprazole, but superior to alginates. Inflammatory markers were significantly reduced by XP, with superior efficacy compared with alginates at day 7. Interestingly, XP was also able to significantly increase gastric pH. This study demonstrated that XP restored gastric homeostasis, improved esophageal integrity, and decreased inflammation and pain with a similar efficacy to omeprazole and greater than alginates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Bova
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ustaoglu A, Woodland P. Sensory Phenotype of the Oesophageal Mucosa in Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032502. [PMID: 36768825 PMCID: PMC9917190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) affects up to 20% of Western populations, yet sensory mechanisms underlying heartburn pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. While central mechanisms of heartburn perception have been established in earlier studies, recent studies have highlighted an important role of neurochemical, inflammatory, and cellular changes occurring in the oesophageal mucosa itself. The localization and neurochemical characterisation of sensory afferent nerve endings differ among GORD phenotypes, and could explain symptom heterogeneity among patients who are exposed to similar levels of reflux. Acid-induced stimulation of nociceptors on pain-sensing nerve endings can regulate afferent signal transmission. This review considers the role of peripheral mechanisms of sensitization in the amplification of oesophageal sensitivity in patients with GORD.
Collapse
|
3
|
LIANG C, LI H, TAO Y, SHEN C, LI F, SHI Z, HAN B, CHEN Q. New hypothesis of chronic back pain: low pH promotes nerve ingrowth into damaged intervertebral disks. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:271-7. [PMID: 22404297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of low back pain is still elusive. Here, we proposed a new hypothesis that low pH is a possible cause of the development and progression of low back pain. We propose that low pH promotes the production of the inflammatory mediators and the depletion of proteoglycan in the damaged intervertebral disk. The inflammation response, evoked by the dorsal root ganglia, changes the delicate nutrient balance in the nucleus, resulting in a vicious cycle and leading to choronic back pain. Our hypothesis may explain many of the available clinical and experimental data on low back pain, thus it may help elucidate the pathogenesis of low back pain and improve clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. LIANG
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - H. LI
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Y. TAO
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - C. SHEN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - F. LI
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Z. SHI
- Institute of Orthopedic Research; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - B. HAN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Q. CHEN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altomare A, Ma J, Guarino MPL, Cheng L, Rieder F, Ribolsi M, Fiocchi C, Biancani P, Harnett K, Cicala M. Platelet-activating factor and distinct chemokines are elevated in mucosal biopsies of erosive compared with non-erosive reflux disease patients and controls. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012. [PMID: 22734465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A distinction between symptomatic non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and erosive esophagitis (EE) patients is supported by the presence of inflammatory response in the mucosa of EE patients, leading to a damage of mucosal integrity. To explore the underlying mechanism of this difference, we assessed inflammatory mediators in mucosal biopsies from EE and NERD patients and compared them with controls. METHODS Nineteen NERD patients, 15 EE patients, and 16 healthy subjects underwent endoscopy after a 3-week washout from PPI or H(2) antagonists. Biopsies obtained from the distal esophagus were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for selected chemokines and lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (LysoPAF-AT), the enzyme responsible for production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). KEY RESULTS Expression of LysoPAF-AT and multiple chemokines was significantly increased in mucosal biopsies derived from EE patients, when compared with NERD patients and healthy controls. Upregulated chemokines included interleukin 8, eotaxin-1, -2, and -3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). LysoPAF-AT and the chemokine profile in NERD patients were comparable with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Levels of selected cytokines and Lyso-PAF AT were significantly higher in the esophageal mucosa of EE patients compared with NERD and control patients. This difference may explain the distinct inflammatory response occurring in EE patients' mucosa. In contrast, as no significant differences existed between the levels of all mediators in NERD and control subjects, an inflammatory response does not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the abnormalities found in NERD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Altomare
- Department of Digestive Disease, University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Altomare A, Ma J, Guarino M, Cheng L, Rieder F, Ribolsi M, Fiocchi C, Biancani P, Harnett K, Cicala M. Platelet-activating factor and distinct chemokines are elevated in mucosal biopsies of erosive compared with non-erosive reflux disease patients and controls. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:943-e463. [PMID: 22734465 PMCID: PMC3440538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A distinction between symptomatic non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and erosive esophagitis (EE) patients is supported by the presence of inflammatory response in the mucosa of EE patients, leading to a damage of mucosal integrity. To explore the underlying mechanism of this difference, we assessed inflammatory mediators in mucosal biopsies from EE and NERD patients and compared them with controls. METHODS Nineteen NERD patients, 15 EE patients, and 16 healthy subjects underwent endoscopy after a 3-week washout from PPI or H(2) antagonists. Biopsies obtained from the distal esophagus were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for selected chemokines and lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (LysoPAF-AT), the enzyme responsible for production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). KEY RESULTS Expression of LysoPAF-AT and multiple chemokines was significantly increased in mucosal biopsies derived from EE patients, when compared with NERD patients and healthy controls. Upregulated chemokines included interleukin 8, eotaxin-1, -2, and -3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). LysoPAF-AT and the chemokine profile in NERD patients were comparable with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Levels of selected cytokines and Lyso-PAF AT were significantly higher in the esophageal mucosa of EE patients compared with NERD and control patients. This difference may explain the distinct inflammatory response occurring in EE patients' mucosa. In contrast, as no significant differences existed between the levels of all mediators in NERD and control subjects, an inflammatory response does not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the abnormalities found in NERD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin University, China,Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - L. Cheng
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - F. Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute and Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - C. Fiocchi
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute and Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - P. Biancani
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - K. Harnett
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orlando RC, Paterson WG, Harnett KM, Ma J, Behar J, Biancani P, Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Cicala M, Cao W. Esophageal disease: updated information on inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1232:369-75. [PMID: 21950828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The following on esophageal disease provides updated information the mucosal defense against acid and acid-pepsin injury; the roles of platelet activating factor, mast cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in inflammation; differences and similarities in erosive and nonerosive esophagitis; acid and vanilloid receptors in esophageal mucosa; and bile acid receptors in esophageal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy C Orlando
- Gastroenterology, Cell, and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harnett KM, Rieder F, Behar J, Biancani P. Viewpoints on Acid-induced inflammatory mediators in esophageal mucosa. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 16:374-88. [PMID: 21103419 PMCID: PMC2978390 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2010.16.4.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have focused on understanding the onset of gastroesophageal reflux disease by examining the mucosal response to the presence of acid in the esophageal lumen. Upon exposure to HCl, inflammation of the esophagus begins with activation of the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily member-1 (TRPV1) in the mucosa, and production of IL-8, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and platelet activating factor (PAF). Production of SP and CGRP, but not PAF, is abolished by the neural blocker tetrodotoxin suggesting that SP and CGRP are neurally released and that PAF arises from non neural pathways. Epithelial cells contain TRPV1 receptor mRNA and protein and respond to HCl and to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin with production of PAF. PAF, SP and IL-8 act as chemokines, inducing migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. PAF and SP activate peripheral blood leukocytes inducing the production of H2O2. In circular muscle, PAF causes production of IL-6, and IL-6 causes production of additional H2O2, through activation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. Among these, NADPH oxidase 5 cDNA is significantly up-regulated by exposure to PAF; H2O2 content of esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter circular muscle is elevated in human esophagitis, causing dysfunction of esophageal circular muscle contraction and reduction in esophageal sphincter tone. Thus esophageal keratinocytes, that constitute the first barrier to the refluxate, may also serve as the initiating cell type in esophageal inflammation, secreting inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and affecting leukocyte recruitment and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Harnett
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma J, Altomare A, de la Monte S, Tong M, Rieder F, Fiocchi C, Behar J, Shindou H, Biancani P, Harnett KM. HCl-induced inflammatory mediators in esophageal mucosa increase migration and production of H2O2 by peripheral blood leukocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G791-8. [PMID: 20616304 PMCID: PMC2950690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of esophageal mucosa to hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of reflux disease. We examined supernatant of HCl-exposed rabbit mucosa for inflammatory mediators enhancing migration of leukocytes and production of H(2)O(2) as an indicator of leukocyte activation. A tubular segment of rabbit esophageal mucosa was tied at both ends to form a sac, which was filled with HCl-acidified Krebs buffer at pH 5 (or plain Krebs buffer as control) and kept oxygenated at 37 degrees C. The medium around the sac (supernatant) was collected after 3 h. Rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were isolated, and sac supernatant was used to investigate PBL migration and H(2)O(2) production. HCl-exposed esophageal mucosa released substance P (SP), CGRP, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and IL-8 into the supernatant. PBL migration increased in response to IL-8 or to supernatant of the HCl-filled mucosal sac. Supernatant-induced PBL migration was inhibited by IL-8 antibodies and by antagonists for PAF (CV3988) or neurokinin 1 (i.e., SP), but not by a CGRP antagonist. Supernatant of the HCl-filled mucosal sac increased H(2)O(2) release by PBL that was significantly reduced by CV3988 and by a SP antagonist but was not affected by IL-8 antibodies or by a CGRP antagonist. We conclude that IL-8, PAF, and SP are important inflammatory mediators released by esophageal mucosa in response to acid that promote PBL migration. In addition, PAF and SP induce production of H(2)O(2) by PBL. These findings provide a direct link between acid exposure and recruitment and activation of immune cells in esophageal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Ming Tong
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Florian Rieder
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Jose Behar
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Hideo Shindou
- 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Piero Biancani
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guarino MPL, Cheng L, Ma J, Harnett K, Biancani P, Altomare A, Panzera F, Behar J, Cicala M. Increased TRPV1 gene expression in esophageal mucosa of patients with non-erosive and erosive reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:746-51, e219. [PMID: 20456759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily member-1 (TRPV1) may play a role in esophageal perception. TRPV1 mRNA and protein expression were examined in the esophageal mucosa of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and erosive esophagitis (EE) patients and correlated to esophageal acid exposure. METHODS Seventeen NERD patients, eight EE patients and 10 healthy subjects underwent endoscopy after a 3-week washout from proton pump inhibitors or H2 antagonists. Biopsies, obtained from the distal esophagus, were used for conventional histology, for Western blot analysis and/or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Overall 13 NERD patients, four EE patients and five controls underwent ambulatory pH-testing. KEY RESULTS TRPV1 expression was increased in all NERD and EE patients, as measured by Western blot analysis (0.65 +/- 0.07 and 0.8 +/- 0.05 VS 0.34 +/- 0.04 in controls; P < 0.01) and by qPCR (1.98 +/- 0.21 and 2.52 +/- 0.46 VS 1.00 +/- 0.06; P < 0.01). Neutrophilic infiltration, in the mucosa, was detected only in EE patients. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Non-erosive reflux disease and EE patients presented increased TRPV1 receptors mRNA and protein, although no correlation with acid exposure was demonstrated. Increased TRPV1 in the esophageal mucosa may contribute to symptoms both in NERD and EE patients and possibly account for peripheral mechanisms responsible for esophageal hypersensitivity in NERD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P L Guarino
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma J, Harnett KM, Behar J, Biancani P, Cao W. Signaling in TRPV1-induced platelet activating factor (PAF) in human esophageal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G233-40. [PMID: 19959817 PMCID: PMC2822503 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) receptors were identified in human esophageal squamous epithelial cell line HET-1A by RT-PCR and by Western blot. In fura-2 AM-loaded cells, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin caused a fourfold cytosolic calcium increase, supporting a role of TRPV1 as a capsaicin-activated cation channel. Capsaicin increased production of platelet activating factor (PAF), an important inflammatory mediator that acts as a chemoattractant and activator of immune cells. The increase was reduced by the p38 MAP kinase (p38) inhibitor SB203580, by the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA(2)) inhibitor AACOCF3, and by the lyso-PAF acetyltransferase inhibitor sanguinarin, indicating that capsaicin-induced PAF production may be mediated by activation of cPLA(2), p38, and lyso-PAF acetyltransferase. To establish a sequential signaling pathway, we examined the phosphorylation of p38 and cPLA(2) by Western blot. Capsaicin induced phosphorylation of p38 and cPLA(2). Capsaicin-induced p38 phosphorylation was not affected by AACOCF3. Conversely, capsaicin-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation was blocked by SB203580, indicating that capsaicin-induced PAF production depends on sequential activation of p38 and cPLA(2). To investigate how p38 phosphorylation may result from TRPV1-mediated calcium influx, we examined a possible role of calmodulin kinase (CaM-K). p38 phosphorylation was stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187 and by capsaicin, and the response to both agonists was reduced by a CaM inhibitor and by CaM-KII inhibitors, indicating that calcium induced activation of CaM and CaM-KII results in P38 phosphorylation. Acetyl-CoA transferase activity increased in response to capsaicin and was inhibited by SB203580, indicating that p38 phosphorylation in turn causes activation of acetyl-CoA transferase to produce PAF. Thus epithelial cells produce PAF in response to TRPV1-mediated calcium elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Jose Behar
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Piero Biancani
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Weibiao Cao
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng L, de la Monte S, Ma J, Hong J, Tong M, Cao W, Behar J, Biancani P, Harnett KM. HCl-activated neural and epithelial vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) in cat esophageal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G135-43. [PMID: 19389802 PMCID: PMC2711757 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90386.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To test whether transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily member-1 (TRPV1) mediates acid-induced inflammation in the esophagus, a tubular segment of esophageal mucosa was tied at both ends, forming a sac. The sac was filled with 0.01 N HCl (or Krebs buffer for control) and kept in oxygenated Krebs buffer at 37 degrees C. The medium around the sac (supernatant) was collected after 3 h. Supernatant of the HCl-filled sac abolished contraction of esophageal circular muscle strips in response to electric field stimulation. Contraction was similarly abolished by supernatant of mucosal sac filled with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (10(-6) M). These effects were reversed by the selective TRPV1 antagonist 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX) and by the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist CV9388. Substance P and CGRP levels in mucosa and in supernatant increased in response to HCl, and these increases were abolished by IRTX and by tetrodotoxin (TTX) but not affected by CV9388, indicating that substance P and CGRP are neurally released and PAF independent. In contrast, the increase in PAF was blocked by IRTX but not by TTX. Presence of TRPV1 receptor was confirmed by RT-PCR and by Western blot analysis in whole mucosa and in esophageal epithelial cells enzymatically isolated and sorted by flow cytometry or immunoprecipitated with cytokeratin antibodies. In epithelial cells PAF increased in response to HCl, and the increase was abolished by IRTX. We conclude that HCl-induced activation of TRPV1 receptors in esophageal mucosa causes release of substance P and CGRP from neurons and release of PAF from epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weibiao Cao
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jose Behar
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Piero Biancani
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Direct evidence of mast cell participation in acute acid-induced esophageal inflammation in mice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46:134-8. [PMID: 18223371 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31815ceaa4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of esophagitis resulting from gastroesophageal acid reflux, but their precise role has been difficult to define. We proposed to directly examine the contribution of mast cells to neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of acid-induced esophageal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal and mast cell-deficient (Kit) mice underwent either a surgical procedure to induce acute acid reflux injury of the esophagus or sham surgery. Neutrophil infiltration in the esophagus was determined by morphometrical quantification. To further delineate the involvement of mast cells, acid-induced esophageal injury was elicited in mast cell-deficient mice that had undergone mast cell reconstitution by bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS Normal mice exhibited significant neutrophil infiltration into the esophagus as a result of acid-induced injury. The neutrophil accumulation was significantly diminished in mast cell-deficient mice. However, the neutrophil infiltration that resulted from acid-induced injury in mast cell-reconstituted Kit mice was similar to that seen in normal mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide direct evidence that mast cells participate in the recruitment of neutrophils during acid-induced esophageal injury in mice.
Collapse
|