MTHFR 677T carrier influences the methylation status of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa in older subjects

Analysis of the methylation patterns of the p16 INK4A, p15 INK4B, and APC genes in gastric adenocarcinoma patients from a Brazilian population

Gastric cancer is a major public health problem in Pará state, where studies suggest complex genetic and epigenetic profiles of the population, indicating the need for the identification of molecular markers for this tumor type. In the present study, the methylation patterns of three genes [p16 (INK4A), p15 (INK4B), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)] were assessed in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma from Pará state in order to identify possible molecular markers of gastric carcinogenesis. DNA samples from tumoral and non-tumoral gastric tissues were modified with sodium bisulfite. A fragment of the promoter region of each gene was amplified and sequenced, and samples with more than 20 % of methylated CpG sites were considered hypermethylated. The correlation between the methylation pattern of the selected genes and the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, as well as the relationship between APC and CDH1 methylation, were evaluated. The results suggest that APC hypermethylation is an age-specific marker of gastric carcinogenesis, and the concordance of this event with CDH1 hypermethylation suggests that the Wnt pathway has an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. While the hypermethylation pattern of p15 (INK4B) seems to be an earlier event in this type of tumor, the hypomethylated status of this gene seems to be correlated to the C677T MTHFR TT genotype. On the other hand, the observed pattern of p16 (INK4A) hypermethylation suggests that this event is a good marker for the gastric cancer pathway in the Pará state population.

Influence of IL17A polymorphisms on the aberrant methylation of DAPK and CDH1 in non-cancerous gastric mucosa

Background

CpG island aberrant methylation is shown to be an important mechanism in gene silencing. The important role of IL-17 in inflammatory response to H. pylori colonization has been indicated. We investigated the influence of IL17A polymorphisms, -197 G > A (rs2275913) and *1249 C > T (rs3748067), on the methylation of DAPK and CDH1.

Methods

Gastric mucosal samples were obtained from 401 subjects without malignancies. Methylation status of gene was determined by MSP. The genotyping of IL17A was performed by PCR-SSCP.

Results

Methylations of DAPK and CDH1 were seen in 196 and 149 of all 401 subjects, respectively. Overall, *1249 T carrier was associated with a decreased risk for DAPK methylation, whereas -197 G > A was not. In the subjects older than 60 years old, *1249 T carrier was more strongly associated with gene methylation and -197 A carrier tended to be associated with an increased risk for CDH1 methylation. When evaluating by inflammation promoting haplotype (-197 mutant carrier with *1249 homozygote), this haplotype had a more strongly increased risk for both DAPK and CDH1 methylations in comparatively older subjects. Both atrophy and metaplasia scores were significantly increased with age in -197 A carrier or *1249 CC homozygote, whereas were not in -197 GG homozygote or *1249 T carrier. PG I/II ratio was more significantly decreased in -197 A carrier than in GG homozygote under influence of H. pylori infection.

Conclusions

In -197 A allele carrier with *1249 CC homozygote, the methylations of both DAPK and CDH1 may be increased gradually, but more rapidly than the other genotypes, with age and altered gastric mucosal structure induced by H. pylori infection.

Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism on the risk of gastric cancer and its interaction with Helicobacter pylori infection

BACKGROUND

Attempts for early detection of gastric cancer have recently focused on host's genetic susceptibility factors and gene-environment interactions. We have, herein, studied the association of MTHFR C677T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and its interaction with Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, age and gender on the risk of gastric cancer among an Iranian population.

METHODS

Gastric cancer patients (n = 450) and cancer-free controls (n = 780) were studied for serum H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA and MTHFR C677T polymorphism (SNP) by PCR-RFLP. Demographic and life style data were collected through patient interviews. Unconditional logistic regression model estimated odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

The interactions of MTHFR genotype with H. pylori infection (P = 0.03), age (P = 0.049) and gender (P = 0.007) were statistically significant. Accordingly, MTHFR C677T carriers who were also positive for H. pylori infection exhibited 80% (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0-2.9) significant excess risk of non-cardia gastric cancer. Furthermore, subjects over the age of 50 or female subjects carrying MTHFR C677T SNP showed 40 (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-2.0) and 100 (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.2) percent increased risk of gastric cancer, respectively.

CONCLUSION

MTHFR C677T SNP seems to increase the risk of gastric cancer and the effect is significantly inflated by interactions with H. pylori infection, age and gender.

Polymorphisms of DNA repair and xenobiotic genes predispose to CpG island methylation in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa

BACKGROUND

Genetic factors, related to DNA repair or xenobiotic pathways might confer different degrees of susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis. CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) is a major event in gastric carcinogenesis. We evaluated the association between XRCC1, GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms with CIHM status in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa.

METHODS

XRCC1 Arg399Gln, and Arg194Trp, GSTP1 Ile104Val, and GSTT1, GSTM1 null polymorphisms were genotyped in 415 cancer free subjects, in relation to four candidate CpG (p14, p16, DAP-kinase and CDH1) loci, assessed by Methylation-Specific-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MSP). CIHM high was defined as two or more CpG islands methylated.

RESULTS

 Significant association between XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype and reduced susceptibility to CIHM of DAP-kinase (adjusted OR = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.13-0.71, p = .0055) and CIHM high (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.19-0.97, p = .04). XRCC1 codon 399 Gin/Gln genotype also presented lower number of CIHM when compared with both Arg/Gln, and Arg/Arg + Arg/Gln genotypes (p = .02, .046, respectively) When subjects were divided according to age (>50 and <50), an association was found between GSTM1 null genotype and increased susceptibility to CIHM high in the 50 years and older generations (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.01-2.62, p = .045).

CONCLUSION

XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype is associated with reduced susceptibility to CIHM especially DAP-kinase. GSTM1 null genotype may increase the susceptibility to CIHM especially in older patients. Genetic factors, related to DNA repair or xenobiotic pathways may have a role in CIHM-related gastric carcinogenesis.

Effect of polymorphisms of IL-1β and TNF-α genes on CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) in the nonneoplastic gastric mucosa

CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) is one of the major events in gastric carcinogenesis. To evaluate the influence of host genetic factors in CIHM related carcinogenesis, we investigated the association between common polymorphisms in IL-1β and TNF-α genes, with CIHM status in the nonneoplastic gastric mucosa. Polymorphisms in the IL-1β gene (-31T>C and -511C>T) and the TNF-α gene (-857C>T) were genotyped in 385 cancer-free subjects. CIHM of four candidate genes: p16 (INK4a), p14 (ARF), E-cadherin (CDH1), and death-associated protein kinase (DAP-kinase), were determined by methylation-specific-polymerase chain reaction (MSP). CIHM high was defined as two or more CpG islands methylated. CIHM of all four genes and CIHM high were significantly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection status. In over all, significant marginal association was found between IL-1β-511 TT genotype and reduced susceptibility to CIHM of DAP-kinase (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29-0.78) and CIHM high (adjusted OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.86). This association was more enhanced in subjects 65 yr or younger age. We also found positive association between TNF-α-857T carrier and increased susceptibility to CIHM of CDH (adjusted OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.01-3.16), and CIHM high (adjusted OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.04-3.33) in the same generation. The mean number of CIHM was lower in subjects with IL-1β-511TT genotype, while the mean number was higher in subjects with TNF-α-857 T carrier especially in subjects 65 yr and younger patients. IL-1β-511 TT genotype is associated with reduced susceptibility to CIHM especially in younger generation. Furthermore, the TNF-α-857T carrier is associated with increased susceptibility of CIHM in the same generation.

Chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use suppresses multiple CpG islands hyper methylation (CIHM) of tumor suppressor genes in the human gastric mucosa

There have been reports showing a protective role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against gastrointestinal cancers. CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) of tumor suppressor genes is a major event in carcinogenesis. We investigated the CIHM status of non-cancerous gastric mucosa in chronic NSAID users and non-users and assessed the effect of NSAIDs on CIHM. Gastric mucosa samples were obtained from 51 chronic NSAID users and 180 non-users. CIHM of p14(ARF), p16(INK4a), death-associated protein kinase (DAP-kinase), and E-cadherin (CDH1) genes were determined by methylation-specific PCR. CIHM high was defined as two or more CpG islands methylated. CIHM of p14, p16, CDH1, and CIHM high were lower in chronic NSAID users than in non-users (p14: non-users vs users = 32.2%vs 9.8%, P = 0.003; p16: non-users vs users = 35.0%vs 15.7%, P = 0.02; CDH1: non-users vs users = 36.1%vs 9.8%, P = 0.0009; CIHM high: non-users vs users = 44.4%vs 17.6%, P = 0.0009). NSAID use was also associated with decreased number of CIHM by anova (R = -0.32, P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for sex, age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and NSAID use revealed that NSAID use was inversely correlated with all four CIHM and CIHM high as an independent factor (p14: odds ratio [OR] = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06-0.48; p16: OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14-0.75; DAP-kinase: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.22-0.92; CDH1: OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06-0.48; CIHM high: OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09-0.49). No association was found between CIHM status and the duration or dose of NSAIDs. Chronic NSAID use suppresses CIHM in human gastric mucosa. NSAIDs may have a suppressive role against methylation-related gastric carcinogenesis.