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Cavaliere C, Vilades E, Alonso-Rodríguez MC, Rodrigo MJ, Pablo LE, Miguel JM, López-Guillén E, Morla EMS, Boquete L, Garcia-Martin E. Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Using a Support Vector Machine and Optical Coherence Tomography Features. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235323. [PMID: 31816925 PMCID: PMC6928765 DOI: 10.3390/s19235323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) data and a support vector machine (SVM) as an automatic classifier. Forty-eight MS patients without symptoms of optic neuritis and forty-eight healthy control subjects were selected. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was performed using a DRI (deep-range imaging) Triton OCT device (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Mean values (right and left eye) for macular thickness (retinal and choroidal layers) and peripapillary area (retinal nerve fibre layer, retinal, ganglion cell layer—GCL, and choroidal layers) were compared between both groups. Based on the analysis of the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), the 3 variables with the greatest discriminant capacity were selected to form the feature vector. A SVM was used as an automatic classifier, obtaining the confusion matrix using leave-one-out cross-validation. Classification performance was assessed with Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) and the AUCCLASSIFIER. The most discriminant variables were found to be the total GCL++ thickness (between inner limiting membrane to inner nuclear layer boundaries), evaluated in the peripapillary area and macular retina thickness in the nasal quadrant of the outer and inner rings. Using the SVM classifier, we obtained the following values: MCC = 0.81, sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.92, accuracy = 0.91, and AUCCLASSIFIER = 0.97. Our findings suggest that it is possible to classify control subjects and MS patients without previous optic neuritis by applying machine-learning techniques to study the structural neurodegeneration in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cavaliere
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Elisa Vilades
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª C. Alonso-Rodríguez
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
| | - Luis Emilio Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Miguel
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Elena López-Guillén
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Eva Mª Sánchez Morla
- Department of Psychiatry, 12 Octubre University Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERSAM: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciano Boquete
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
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