1
|
Pal S, Chatterjee N, Das AK, McClements DJ, Dhar P. Sophorolipids: A comprehensive review on properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102856. [PMID: 36827914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are surface-active glycolipids produced by several non-pathogenic yeast species and are widely used as biosurfactants in several industrial applications. Sophorolipids provide a plethora of benefits over chemically synthesized surfactants for certain applications like bioremediation, oil recovery, and pharmaceuticals. They are, for instance less toxic, more benign and environment friendly in nature, biodegradable, freely adsorb to different surfaces, self-assembly in hydrated solutions, robustness for industrial applications etc. These miraculous properties result in valuable physicochemical attributes such as low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), reduced interfacial surface tension, and capacity to dissolve non-polar components. Moreover, they exhibit a diverse range of physicochemical, functional, and biological attributes due to their unique molecular composition and structure. In this article, we highlight the physico-chemical properties of sophorolipids, how these properties are exploited by the human community for extensive benefits and the conditions which lead to their unique tailor-made structures and how they entail their interfacial behavior. Besides, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of these sophorolipids. We also review their physiological and functional attributes, along with their potential commercial applications, in real-world scenario. Biosurfactants are compared to their man-made equivalents to show the variations in structure-property correlations and possible benefits. Those attempting to manufacture purported natural or green surfactant with innovative and valuable qualities can benefit from an understanding of biosurfactant features structured along the same principles. The uniqueness of this review article is the detailed physico-chemical study of the sophorolipid biosurfactant and how these properties helps in their usage and detailed explicit study of their applications in the current scenario and also covering their pros and cons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srija Pal
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India
| | - Niloy Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-IVRI, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Pubali Dhar
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li LP, Jin YC, Fang L, Zhang C. Direct photolysis of diclofenac under simulated sunlight: Transformation pathway and biological concerns. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135775. [PMID: 35868525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Topical diclofenac gels are frequently applied on human skin and, consequently are exposed to sunlight during outdoor activities. The degradation of diclofenac (DCF) with sunlight exposure is known to occur but the detailed transformation characteristics and biological concerns have not been comprehensively investigated. In the present work, the transformation products during diclofenac photolysis were identified with the aid of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TripleTOF). Biological concerns, including microtoxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antiestrogenicity were examined with multiple in-vitro bioassays. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to obtain further insight into the contributions of photolysis products to overall biological concerns. The results demonstrated that diclofenac was readily degraded under sunlight to form five main photolysis products via substitution, dechlorination, dehydroxylation, homodimerization and heterodimerization. Products P1, P2 and P5 were reported previously, while two dimer products (P3 and P4) are innovative products and have not been found in prior studies. A significant elevation in the microtoxicity was found during the photolysis of diclofenac, resulting mainly from the carbazole-containing photolysis products P2, P3, P4 and P5. Genotoxicity and antiestrogenicity declined along with the reduction of diclofenac, indicating that no photolysis products were genotoxic or anti-estrogenic. Modest cytotoxicity to the human skin epidermis cell line was observed and attributed to the formation of intermediate species. This outcome highlighted the biological concerns of diclofenac to human health when exposed to sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Yan-Chao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Le Fang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| |
Collapse
|