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Ma Y, Chen J, Du X, Xie C, Zhou J, Tao X, Dang Z, Lu G. Efficient removal of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from soil washing effluent by dummy molecular imprinted adsorbents: Selectivity and mechanisms. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 129:45-57. [PMID: 36804241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant enhanced elution is an effective method for removing hydrophobic organic pollutants from soils. The key to the development of leaching technology is selective removal of targeted pollutants in soil washing effluent and recycling of surfactant solutions. In this study, a molecular imprinting technique was applied to selectively sorb polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil washing effluent. The novel molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) using different template molecules were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of MIPs were studied through experiments and theoretical calculations. The results show that 4-bromo-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and toluene can be effective imprinting molecule for MIPs synthesis. The maximal adsorption capacity of selected dummy molecular imprinted polymer (D1-MIP) was 1032.36 µmol/g, and that of part molecular imprinted polymer (P-MIP) was 981.13 µmol/g. Their imprinting factors in 5 PBDEs adsorption ranged from 2.13 to 5.88, the recovery percentage of Triton X-100 can reach 99.09%, confirming the feasibility of reusing surfactant. Various PBDEs could be removed by MIPs, and Quantitative Structure Property Relationship analysis revealed that PBDEs' molecular volume, planarity, polarity, and hydrophobicity have major influences on their adsorption performance. DFT calculation revealed that Van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding played important roles during selective adsorption. These results can provide effective theoretical guidance for surfactant enhanced soil elution in practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinfan Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunsheng Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
| | - Jiangmin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li M, Tang B, Zheng J, Luo W, Xiong S, Ma Y, Ren M, Yu Y, Luo X, Mai B. Typical organic contaminants in hair of adult residents between inland and coastal capital cities in China: Differences in levels and composition profiles, and potential impact factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161559. [PMID: 36649778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing of urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural production have resulted in the increasing contamination of typical organic contaminants (OCs) in China. However, data on differences in exposure characteristics of typical OCs between the coastal and inland cities among residents in China are limited. In this study, hair samples were collected from adult residents in 10 and 17 provincial capital cities in coastal and inland China, respectively, to investigate the differences in the levels and composition profiles of typical OCs. The potential factors impacting the human exposure to OCs were also examined based on the relationship among the hair OC levels and the population characteristics and statistical indicators. The median concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane's (DDTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in hair of coastal urban residents were 3.64, 5.58, and 268 ng/g, respectively, while their concentrations in samples from inland urban residents were 1.84, 3.85, and 202 ng/g, respectively. Coastal residents showed significantly higher hair OC concentrations than inland residents (p < 0.05). BDE209 and p,p'-DDE were the predominant chemicals for PBDEs and DDTs, respectively, in both coastal and inland cities. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant PFR in coastal residents' hair, while triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was the major PFR in inland residents' hair, possibly owing to the different usages of the PFRs. Significant gender differences were observed in the levels and composition profiles of OCs (p < 0.05). The levels of p,p'-DDE and TCIPP were significantly related to the gross domestic product (GDP), gross secondary industry product, and the per capita consumption of aquatic products (p < 0.05). This study provides scientific data for evaluating human exposure to OCs in urban residents at a large scale and its associations with statistical indicators including urbanization, industrialization, agricultural production, and diet in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
| | - Weikeng Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Shimao Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Mingzhong Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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An Q, Yang L, Yang S, Wang Y, Shi L, Aamir M, Liu W. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in agricultural soils of eastern China (2011-2021): Concentration level, temporal trend, and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130631. [PMID: 36586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been extensively investigated in the terrestrial environment of China. However, little is known about how PBDEs and NBFRs burdens in agricultural soils altered over time. In this study, agricultural soils from different regions of China were collected from 2011 to 2021 to investigate the contamination levels and temporal variation of PBDEs and NBFRs. The concentrations of ∑26PBDEs and ∑5NBFRs ranged from 0.144 to 215 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and 0.186-144 ng/g (d.w.), with a mean value of 9.27 ng/g (d.w.) and 8.22 ng/g (d.w.), respectively. Among PBDEs and NBFRs, BDE-209 and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the most predominant compounds. The PBDE concentrations did not vary significantly during the past decade, whereas the lower brominated congeners increased with time (doubling times ranged from 5.46 to 8.56 years). Meanwhile, NBFR concentrations increased over time, with concentrations significantly higher in 2021, 2016, and 2013 than in 2011 (p < 0.05). Additionally, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) had doubling times of 6.84, 11.2, and 7.37 years, respectively. Total organic matter (TOC) impacted the distribution and variation of PBDEs (particularly lower-brominated congeners), with soil organic matter (SOM)-sorption showing an increasing and then decreasing trend. Health risk assessment suggested that PBDEs and NBFRs did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to humans. Nevertheless, the long-term health risk of BFRs should be considered. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze the contamination burdens and temporal trends of PBDEs and NBFRs in Chinese agricultural soils over a long period, providing a fundamental basis for future BFR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Zhao X, Lyu B, Zhang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Shi Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal-derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution, and dietary exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130223. [PMID: 36367471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 6th China Total Diet Study (CTDS) conducted in 2016-2019, the occurrence of both legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was measured in animal-derived foods collected across China. Most BFRs could be frequently detected in food samples, indicating their ubiquity in the environment. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a typical novel BFR, presented the highest contamination level, whereas legacy BFRs, including decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), still presented high detection frequencies and relatively abundant proportions in total BFRs. Compared with previous CTDSs conducted from 2007 to 2011, the levels and estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of most BFRs showed a significant downtrend, which suggested that flame retardant consumption in China has transferred from legacy BFRs to novel BFRs (mainly DBDPE) and from BFRs to other kinds of flame retardants. Based on probabilistic estimation, the median EDIs of mainly used BFRs for the Chinese population ranged from 41.0 to 1.67 × 103 pg/kg bw/day, and meat consumption was the primary source in dietary BFR intake. By conducting the margin of exposure (MOE) approach or comparing with the reference dose (RfD), it can be concluded that daily dietary intakes of BFRs were still unable to cause significant health risks to the general population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Yu Y, Lu M, Ge X, Ma S, Liu H, Li G, An T. Composition profiles of halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves from two chemical industrial parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157129. [PMID: 35792269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information available regarding the investigation on typical organic pollutants between the soil and in-situ grown plant leaves. This study is to reveal whether the pollution characteristics of soil and leaves can reflect the long-term and short-term pollution situation, and to find the differences between halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in were investigated in two different industrial parks, which were located at the largest brominated flame-retardant-manufacturing center in Weifang, China. These chemicals were frequently detected with high median concentrations of PBDEs (1.22 × 103 ng/g) and DBDPE (227 ng/g) in the soil samples, and DBDPE (881 ng/g) and PBDEs (461 ng/g) in the in-situ cypress leaves. The DP concentration was 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the other two chemicals in both the matrices. Different composition profiles of the chemicals in soil and cypress leaves were observed. The PBDEs and DBDPE were found to be the predominant species in soils and cypress leaves, respectively. In comparison, the LG industrial parks had higher concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in both the soils and cypress leaves. No significant correlations were observed for these chemicals between the soil and leaf samples, although significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed for several PBDE congeners among all samples from the industrial parks and a separate industrial park. The results indicated that the soil was not the important source of these chemicals in leaves. A large proportion of DBDPE was preferentially present in cypress leaves, which revealed the situation of recent pollution. The results deepen the understanding of chemical distribution characteristics among different environmental matrices in soils and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Zhao X, Shi Z. Legacy brominated flame retardants in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Biomonitoring, temporal trends from 2011 to 2018, and nursing infant's exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131533. [PMID: 34273701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and three hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) isomers, were analyzed in 105 human milk samples collected in 2018 from Beijing, China. The tested BFRs all showed high detection frequencies, and HBCDD was the most abundant BFR, with a median level of 7.64 × 103 pg/g lipid, followed by BDE-153 (389 pg/g lipid), BDE-209 (283 pg/g lipid), and TBBPA (271 pg/g lipid). By comparing the results of the present study with those of our previous Beijing human milk surveys conducted in 2014 and 2011, the contamination of TBBPA and HBCDD increased steadily from 2011 to 2018, whereas that of PBDEs decreased sharply during this period. Our results suggested that the production and consumption of BFRs in China have shifted from PBDEs to other FRs. Education level and the consumption of animal-derived foods such as eggs and meat were identified as major influencing factors for some BFRs. For nursing infants, the median levels of lower bound BFR daily intake via human milk ingestion ranged from 4.62 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/day for BDE-154 to 30.6 ng/kg bw/day for HBCDD. The daily intake of most BFRs by breastfeeding is unlikely to pose significant health risks for Beijing nursing infants. However, the minimum margin of exposure (MOE) of HBCDD was below its threshold value, which indicated that its daily intake might raise health concerns for some breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Yin H, Ma J, Li Z, Li Y, Meng T, Tang Z. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Heavy Metals in a Regulated E-Waste Recycling Site, Eastern China: Implications for Risk Management. Molecules 2021; 26:2169. [PMID: 33918776 PMCID: PMC8069465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious pollution of multiple chemicals in irregulated e-waste recycling sites (IR-sites) were extensively investigated. However, little is known about the pollution in regulated sites. This study investigated the occurrence of 21 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 10 metals in a regulated site, in Eastern China. The concentrations of PBDEs and Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in soils and sediments were 1-4 and 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the IR-sites, respectively. However, these were generally comparable to those in the urban and industrial areas. In general, a moderate pollution of PBDEs and metals was present in the vegetables in this area. A health risk assessment model was used to calculate human exposure to metals in soils. The summed non-carcinogenic risks of metals and PBDEs in the investigated soils were 1.59-3.27 and 0.25-0.51 for children and adults, respectively. Arsenic contributed to 47% of the total risks and As risks in 71.4% of the total soil samples exceeded the acceptable level. These results suggested that the pollution from e-waste recycling could be substantially decreased by the regulated activities, relative to poorly controlled operations, but arsenic pollution from the regulated cycling should be further controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Jiayi Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhidong Li
- Cangzhou Ecology and Environment Bureau, Cangzhou 061000, China;
| | - Yonghong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (T.M.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (J.M.); (Y.L.)
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