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Malik N, Singh V, Kumar K, Elumalai SP. VOC source apportionment, reactivity, secondary transformations, and their prioritization using fuzzy-AHP method in a coal-mining city in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25406-25423. [PMID: 38472578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the air quality status in different functional zones of Dhanbad-a coal-mining and industrial hub, based on the measurement of aromatic and halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using gas chromatography. The study encompasses source apportionment of VOCs and their chemical reactivity in terms of OH radical loss rate (LOH), ozone-forming potential (OFP), and their secondary organic aerosol forming potential (SOAp). Furthermore, prioritization of VOCs based on a fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (F-AHP) has also been done. The results found xylene species to have the highest concentration in all three seasons across traffic-intersection and industrial zones and toluene at the institutional zone. The study identified four sources using positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, viz., mixed traffic exhaust (35%), coal combustion sources (30%), industrial (26%), and solvent usage (9%). LOH and SOAp were ~ 16 times more at the industrial and traffic-intersection zone than the institutional zone. The aromatic species contributed 97% to the OFP, and many species exhibited less contribution to the mixing ratio of VOCs but displayed a high contribution to LOH, OFP, and SOAp, suggesting the need to prefer reactivity-based strategies in addition to concentration-based strategies in the future for their regulation. The F-AHP-based priority component analysis identified 16 species out of 29 in the priority watch list (nine in tier-1, four in tier-2, and three in tier-3). The paucity of data and lack of ambient air quality standards on VOCs (except benzene) make it difficult to determine which aspect should be dealt with first and which species require more attention. Therefore, the F-AHP method used in this study could help identify the influencing parameters to be considered while devising efficient VOC management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malik
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Suresh Pandian Elumalai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
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Sarmiento H, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Borillo GC, Godoi AFL, Reis RA, Yamamoto CI, Pauliquevis T, Polezer G, Godoi RHM. BTEX profile and health risk at the largest bulk port in Latin America, Paranaguá Port. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63084-63095. [PMID: 36952154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Port-related activities have a detrimental impact on the air quality both at the point of source and for considerable distances beyond. These activities include, but are not limited to, heavy cargo traffic, onboard, and at-berth emissions. Due to differences in construction, operation, location, and policies at ports, the site-specific air pollution cocktail could result in different human health risks. Thus, monitoring and evaluating such emissions are essential to predict the risk to the community. Environmental agencies often monitor key pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2), but the volatile organic carbons (VOCs) most often are not, due to its analytical challenging. This study intends to fill that gap and evaluate the VOC emissions caused by activities related to the port of Paranaguá - one of the largest bulk ports in Latin America - by characterizing BTEX concentrations at the port and its surroundings. At seven different sites, passive samplers were used to measure the dispersion of BTEX concentrations throughout the port and around the city at weekly intervals from November 2018 to January 2019. The average and uncertainty of BTEX concentrations (µg m-3) were 0.60 ± 0.43, 5.58 ± 3.80, 3.30 ± 2.41, 4.66 ± 3.67, and 2.82 ± 1.95 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene, respectively. Relationships between toluene and benzene and health risk analysis were used to establish the potential effects of BTEX emissions on the population of the city of Paranaguá. Ratio analysis (T/B, B/T, m,p X/Et, and m,p X/B) indicate that the BTEX levels are mainly from fresh emission sources and that photochemical ageing was at minimum. The cancer risk varied across the sampling trajectory, whereas ethylbenzene represented a moderate cancer risk development for the exposed population in some of the locations. This study provided the necessary baseline data to support policymakers on how to change the circumstances of those currently at risk, putting in place a sustainable operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmiento
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Department of Natural Science, Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia L Godoi
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Reis
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks from Equipment Components: A Study of the Pharmaceutical Industry in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leak detection and repair (LDAR) plays an important role in controlling the fugitive emission of volatile organic compound (VOC) from chemical enterprises. At present, many policies and standards issued in China have set clear requirements for implementing LDAR in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the LDAR work of nine typical pharmaceutical enterprises was selected for analysis to allow investigation of the characteristics of VOC emissions from leaking equipment components. Some suggestions for controlling VOC are proposed to provide a reference for managing the fugitive emissions of VOC from pharmaceutical enterprises. The results showed that the number of equipment components used by the pharmaceutical enterprises ranged from several thousand to more than 20,000, which is lower than that in oil refining and coal chemical enterprises. The predominant leaky component was the flange, which accounted for 56.31% of the total, followed by connectors (21.51%) and valves (18.53%). Light liquid medium components accounted for the largest proportion of equipment (52.83%) on average, followed by gas medium components (45.52%, on average). Heavy liquid medium components, which are rarely used in pharmaceuticals, accounted for only 1.65%. The average leak ratio of the components in the pharmaceutical industry was approximately 0.99%. The leak ratio of the open-ended line was much higher than that of other types of components, reaching an average of 5.00%, while that value was only 0.92% for the flange, despite the numbers and proportion of them that were in use. The total annual VOC leakage from the nine pharmaceutical enterprises studied in this work was 20.11 tons, with an average of 2.23 tons per enterprise and an average of 0.22 kg/a per equipment component. Flanges, connectors, and valves were the top three contributors to leakage, generating 39.17%, 38.72%, and 16.79% of the total, respectively, and a total proportion of 94.68%. Although the number of pumps accounted for only 0.15% of the components, it generated 1.94% of the leakage. In terms of different production processes, the greatest unit product leakage came from the bulk production of chemicals used for pharmaceuticals, reaching 0.085 t/a. The production from traditional Chinese medicine enterprises was the lowest (0.011 t/a), which was only 12.80% of the leakage from the bulk production of chemicals for drugs. The leakage of VOC from the equipment components in the nine enterprises was reduced, to varying degrees, using LDAR. The overall reduction ratio was between 23.55% and 67.72%, with an average of 44.02%. The reduction in leakage was relatively significant after the implementation of LDAR; however, there is still room for improvement. Pharmaceutical enterprises should improve their implementation of LDAR and reduce VOC leakage by reducing the number of inaccessible components used and increasing the repair ratio of leaky components. Controlling the source of component leakage, which should be emphasized, can be realized by cutting down the number of components used, adopting low-leakage equipment, and putting anti-leakage measures in place.
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Bielory L, Bowers L, Marcus R, Dunk R. The influence of sea breeze on mold spore dispersion. Allergy Asthma Proc 2021; 42:222-227. [PMID: 33980335 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2021.42.210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Many allergists consider the ocean breeze to be free of allergens and recommend visits to the coast for relief; however, the coast may perpetuate an allergenic environment. Objective: This study investigated the sea breeze's impact on spore dispersion between coastal and inland sites, and the potential implications of sea breeze on human health and coastal resources. Methods: Spore sampling occurred during 2006 by using pollen samplers. Samplers were located at the Rutgers University Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Marine Field Station and the Rutgers University Pinelands Field Station. Statistical analysis was performed on the spore data to compare concentrations from the various locations. The effect of sea breeze circulation on particulate matter was analyzed from meteorological data collected in 2006. Sea breeze data were collected from simulations, Doppler radar, and meteorological towers at varying heights. Results: There was no significant difference between the total spore concentration at the New Jersey coast and the New Jersey Pinelands canopy. Conclusion: Sea breeze has been shown to favor aerobiologic transfers from coastal seawater to land, but the immediate environment (floor) still remains a primary determinant of affecting an individual's allergic airway disease. Results of some studies have shown that coastal environments may favor the onset allergic airway, but in our study this seemed to be equivalent to the floor (or immediate locale) of an individual affected with allergy. However, the sea breeze effect seemed to have the ability to impact allergic airway disease (AAD) populations not only living along the coasts but of those living up to 130 km inland and potentially those living in the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bielory
- From the Medicine and Ophthalmology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey; Rutgers University, Center for Environmental Prediction, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Kean University, New Jersey Center for Science, Technology
and Mathematics, Union, New Jersey, USA
| | - Louis Bowers
- Rutgers University, Center for Ocean Observation Leadership, New Brunswick and Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Rivka Marcus
- Starx Allergy and Asthma Center, LLC - Springfield, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rich Dunk
- Rutgers University, Center for Ocean Observation Leadership, New Brunswick and Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA; and
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Effect of pre-adsorbed water in hydrophobic polymeric resin on adsorption equilibrium and breakthrough of 1,2-dichloroethane. ADSORPTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-017-9919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Markandeya , Shukla SP, Kisku GC. A Clean Technology for Future Prospective: Emission Modeling of Gas Based Power Plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2016.54011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang F, Li X, Wang C, Xu Q, Wang W, Luo Y, Tao L, Gao Q, Guo J, Chen S, Cao K, Liu L, Gao N, Liu X, Yang K, Yan A, Guo X. PM2.5 Spatiotemporal Variations and the Relationship with Meteorological Factors during 2013-2014 in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141642. [PMID: 26528542 PMCID: PMC4631325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Limited information is available regarding spatiotemporal variations of particles with median aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) at high resolutions, and their relationships with meteorological factors in Beijing, China. This study aimed to detect spatiotemporal change patterns of PM2.5 from August 2013 to July 2014 in Beijing, and to assess the relationship between PM2.5 and meteorological factors. Methods Daily and hourly PM2.5 data from the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BJEPB) were analyzed separately. Ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation, time-series graphs, Spearman correlation coefficient and coefficient of divergence (COD) were used to describe the spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5. The Kruskal-Wallis H test, Bonferroni correction, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess differences in PM2.5 levels associated with spatial and temporal factors including season, region, daytime and day of week. Relationships between daily PM2.5 and meteorological variables were analyzed using the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM). Results Annual mean and median of PM2.5 concentrations were 88.07 μg/m3 and 71.00 μg/m3, respectively, from August 2013 to July 2014. PM2.5 concentration was significantly higher in winter (P < 0.0083) and in the southern part of the city (P < 0.0167). Day to day variation of PM2.5 showed a long-term trend of fluctuations, with 2–6 peaks each month. PM2.5 concentration was significantly higher in the night than day (P < 0.0167). Meteorological factors were associated with daily PM2.5 concentration using the GAMM model (R2 = 0.59, AIC = 7373.84). Conclusion PM2.5 pollution in Beijing shows strong spatiotemporal variations. Meteorological factors influence the PM2.5 concentration with certain patterns. Generally, prior day wind speed, sunlight hours and precipitation are negatively correlated with PM2.5, whereas relative humidity and air pressure three days earlier are positively correlated with PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yanxia Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Sipeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Aoshuang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ASY); (XHG)
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ASY); (XHG)
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Vilavert L, Nadal M, Figueras MJ, Domingo JL. Volatile organic compounds and bioaerosols in the vicinity of a municipal waste organic fraction treatment plant. Human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:96-104. [PMID: 21688069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze air concentrations of chemical and microbiological pollutants in the vicinity of an organic waste treatment plant, Ecoparc-2, located in Montcada i Reixac (Catalonia, Spain), as well as to determine the seasonal trends. The human health risks due to the presence of those agents were also assessed. METHODS Air samples were collected at different distances and wind directions from the Ecoparc-2 in two campaigns (winter and summer of 2010). The levels of 19 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed by GC-MS or HPLC-UV. In turn, the airborne amount of total bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (including Aspergillus fumigatus) was also determined. RESULTS Mean VOC concentrations were found to be 32.4 and 15.7 μg/m(3) in winter and summer, respectively. Fungi at 25°C presented the highest geometric mean (1,126 and 863 cfu/m(3) in winter and summer, respectively), while the concentrations of fungi at 37°C and total bacteria were also important in the hot season (332 and 250 cfu/m(3), respectively). These results are in agreement with data obtained from the scientific literature. Anyhow, no significant differences were observed between both campaigns including those related to distances and wind directions. The current pollutant levels in the surrounding environment were also various orders of magnitude lower than those recently observed inside the facility. CONCLUSIONS The human exposure to VOCs near the Ecoparc-2 was estimated to be low. Furthermore, the current environmental concentrations of those chemical and microbiological agents were clearly below threshold values recommended by regulatory organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Vilavert
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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