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Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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Analysis and Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound PAHs in a Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor Environments in a Middle School: A Case Study in Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
People spend most of their time in indoors and, as a result, indoor air quality has become an issue of increasing concern. Due to the use of coal and heavy transportation in Beijing, China, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 have risen and caused concerns about health risk, both outdoors and indoors. This study carried out quantitative investigation of PM2.5-bound PAHs in middle school classrooms and estimated the health risk to adolescents. According to the results, indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 20.9 μg/m3 to 257.6 μg/m3, indoor PAH concentrations ranged from 8.0 ng/m3 to 83.0 ng/m3, and both were statistically correlated with outdoor concentrations. Results of diagnostic ratios (DR) and the PMF (positive matrix factorization) model indicated that coal combustion was the main source of PAHs in the classroom environment. The average value of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was estimated to be 1.49 × 10−6, which indicated a potential health risk to students according to USEPA standards. Predictions showed that by 2021–2022, the risk will be reduced to an acceptable level. Results of this study could provide useful information for air pollution control in Beijing and proposing targeted solution against indoor air pollution.
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Yuan CS, Lu CC, Shen HZ, Li TC. Metallic characteristics of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 for clustered Aeolian Dust Episodes occurred in an extensive fluvial basin during rainy season. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:1085-1102. [PMID: 29701507 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1469554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aeolian dust episodes (ADEs) have been an emergency disaster in the Kaoping River Valley during the rainy season (May-September), which can severely deteriorate ambient particulate air quality in the region surrounding the Kaoping River. Thus, this study aims to characterize the metallic fingerprint of Aeolian dust (AD) and investigate the effects of ADEs on ambient particulate air quality along the Kaoping River Valley. Four manual sampling sites adjacent to the riverside were selected to collect fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) aerosol samples during and after the ADEs in the periods of six events. A total of 13 metallic elements were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer. With metallic elements analysis and nonparametric statistical methods of Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test, this study successfully derived the metallic indicators of ADEs. The mass ratios of crustal elements (Fe, Ca, or Al) to reference element (Cd) obtained during the ADEs were much higher than those obtained after the ADEs. High mass ratios of Fe/Cd, Ca/Cd, and Al/Cd in PM2.5-10 were observed on the influenced areas of ADEs. Among them, (Fe/Cd)2.5-10 was proven as the best indicator which can be applied to effectively validate the existence of ADEs and evaluate their influences on ambient air quality. Moreover, PM2.5 concentrations during the ADEs were 3-3.6 fold higher than those after the ADEs. PM2.5 should be a contributor to AD, even though the mass ratios of PM2.5/PM10 ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 during the ADEs. Our findings provide valuable information regarding the characteristics of the AD during the ADEs in the Kaoping River. IMPLICATIONS Indicators of (Fe/Cd)2.5-10 are approximately applied to observe the effects of ADEs. Local governments could realize the mechanisms of S- and NW-type aeolian dust episodes (ADEs). They can cause deterioration in different ways for the regional air quality surrounding Kaoping River Valley. Residents who have been living in the influenced areas can take precautions to prevent damage from aeolian dust. Strategies for curbing ADEs must reduce the area of bare lands by artificial measures in the long period of the sunny days during the rainy season. Future research should examine physical conditions of topsoils and other chemical composition in aeolian dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shin Yuan
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chung Lu
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhen Shen
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Chang Li
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hsu CY, Chiang HC, Chen MJ, Chuang CY, Tsen CM, Fang GC, Tsai YI, Chen NT, Lin TY, Lin SL, Chen YC. Ambient PM 2.5 in the residential area near industrial complexes: Spatiotemporal variation, source apportionment, and health impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:204-214. [PMID: 28279531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study systemically investigated the ambient PM2.5 (n=108) with comprehensive analyses of the chemical composition, identification of the potential contributors, and estimation of the resultant respiratory physician visits in the residential regions near energy-consuming and high-polluting industries in central Taiwan. The positive matrix fraction (PMF) model with chemical profiles of trace metals, water-soluble ions, and organic/elemental carbons (OC/EC) was applied to quantify the potential sources of PM2.5. The influences of local sources were also explored using the conditional probability function (CPF). Associations between the daily PM2.5 concentration and the risk of respiratory physician visits for the elderly (≥65years of age) were estimated using time-series analysis. A seasonal variation, with higher concentrations of PM2.5, metals (As, Cd, Sb, and Pb), OC/EC and ions (i.e., NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) in the winter than in the spring and summer, was observed. Overall, an increase of 10μgm-3 in the same-day PM2.5 was associated with an ~2% (95% CI: 1.5%-2.5%) increase in respiratory physician visits. Considering the health benefits of an effective reduction, we suggest that the emission from coal combustion (23.5%), iron ore and steel industry (17.1%), and non-ferrous metallurgy (14.4%), accounting for ~70% of the primary PM2.5 in the winter are prioritized to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jean Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Tsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Residue Control Division, Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No.11, Guangming Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41358, Taiwan
| | - Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, ShaLu, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Ying-I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lun Lin
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Yang HJ, Chen SC, Hu CW, Chiang YC, Tsai CT, Lin PY, Lai DJ, Kuo CY. Estimation of students' exposure to metal concentrations from river-dust episodes during 1994-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5679-5689. [PMID: 28039631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two elementary schools (Shiuguang and Fongrong) from Yulin County in Taiwan, near a main area of potential exposure to Aeolian river-dust, were selected to collect outdoor and indoor PM10 aerosols and to measure five metals in PM10 (As, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Mn). Significant relationships (p < 0.01) were found between outdoor PM10 concentrations at Lunbei's air quality monitoring station and the two elementary schools. The outdoor PM10 concentrations at the monitoring station and the schools' indoor PM10 concentrations also showed significant correlations. This study also established a relationship between the outdoor and indoor concentrations of PM10 and metals in the schools. Estimations were made regarding students' 8 h of exposure to metal concentrations from river-dust episodes during 1994-2012, based on correlation equations that were shown to be statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jan Yang
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
| | - Szu-Chieh Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ching-Tsan Tsai
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40402
| | - Pin-Yu Lin
- Health Technology Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
| | - Dian-Jheng Lai
- Health Technology Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242
| | - Chung-Yih Kuo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242.
- Health Technology Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242.
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Chien-Kuo N Rd., Sec. 1, Taichung, Taiwan, 40242.
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Chen YC, Chiang HC, Hsu CY, Yang TT, Lin TY, Chen MJ, Chen NT, Wu YS. Ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:372-382. [PMID: 27423500 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates PM2.5-bound PAHs for rural sites (Dacheng and Fangyuan) positioned close to heavy air-polluting industries in Changhua County, central Taiwan. A total of 113 PM2.5 samples with 22 PAHs collected from 2014 to 2015 were analyzed, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and diagnostic ratios of PAHs were applied to quantify potential PAH sources. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using the conditional probability function (CPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) with PMF-modeled results, respectively. Annual mean concentrations of total PAHs were 2.91 ± 1.34 and 3.04 ± 1.40 ng/m3 for Dacheng and Fangyuan, respectively, and their corresponding BaPeq were measured at 0.534 ± 0.255 and 0.563 ± 0.273 ng/m3 in concentration. Seasonal variations with higher PAHs found for the winter than for the spring and summer were observed for both sites. The lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs was recorded as 4.7 × 10-5 overall. Potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs include unburned petroleum and traffic emissions (42%), steel industry and coal combustion (31%), and petroleum and oil burning (27%), and unburned petroleum and traffic emission could contribute the highest ECR (2.4 × 10-5). The CPF results show that directional apportionment patterns were consistent with the actual locations of local PAH sources. The PSCF results indicate that mainly northeastern regions of China have contributed elevated PM2.5-bound PAHs from long-range transports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, No 306, Yuanpei St, Hsin Chu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jean Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shen Wu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung 433, Taiwan
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Kuo CY, Yang HJ, Chiang YC, Lai DJ, Shen YH, Liu PM. Concentration and composition variations of metals in the outdoor PM10 of elementary schools during river dust episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12354-12363. [PMID: 24938818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeolian river dust can seriously affect the air quality in central Taiwan. The main purpose of this study was to assess the concentration variations of PM10 and metals at different elementary schools during river dust episodes. River dust samples were taken from eight sites in the main bare soil areas of the Choshui River. PM10 aerosols from four elementary schools in Yulin County were collected by means of high-volume samplers. Fifteen elements (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Ti, Ni, V, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Co, and Cd) in the river dust and PM10 were analyzed in this study. The coefficients of divergence (CDs) were obtained by comparing the metal compositions in PM10 aerosols at the four schools on the sampling days with the mean metal contents in the river soil samples as reference. The CD values showed that metal compositions in the aerosols at high-exposure sites during river dust episodes were similar to those compositions in the river dust. The concentrations of PM10 at the high-exposure schools during river dust episodes were much higher than those during non-river-dust episodes. This study also indicated that at the high-exposure sites, both the PM10 and metal concentrations were higher than at the low-exposure and control sites, not only during the river dust episodes, but also after the river dust episodes. The concentrations of toxic metals (Ni, Cr, As, and Cd) at the high-exposure sites were about 11.3 times higher during the river dust episodes (189 ng/m(3)) than during non-river-dust episodes (16.7 ng/m(3)) and about 8.9 times higher during the same periods at the control site (21.3 ng/m(3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yih Kuo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Chien-Kuo N Rd., Sec. 1, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, 40242,
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