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Molavinia S, Dayer D, Khodayar MJ, Goudarzi G, Salehcheh M. Suspended particulate matter promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells via TGF-β1-mediated ROS/IL-8/SMAD3 axis. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:139-150. [PMID: 38408815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF). However, the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is a characteristic of PF. We discussed whether suspended particulate matter (SPM) is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In this study, a detailed elemental analysis (55 elements), particle size, and morphology were determined. To investigate the toxicity of SPM, an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability. Next, A549 cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM (20 and 40 µg/mL) for single and repeated exposures. The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and TGF-β1 in the supernatant. Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway. Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced, whereas p-SMAD3, vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin were elevated. Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Molavinia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Dian Dayer
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Iranian Scientific Association of Clean Air, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salehcheh
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Boloorani AD, Shorabeh SN, Neysani Samany N, Mousivand A, Kazemi Y, Jaafarzadeh N, Zahedi A, Rabiei J. Vulnerability mapping and risk analysis of sand and dust storms in Ahvaz, IRAN. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116859. [PMID: 33744637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a sand and dust storm vulnerability mapping (SDS-VM) approach is developed to model the vulnerability of urban blocks to SDS using GIS spatial analysis and a range of geographical data. The SDS-VM was carried out in Ahvaz, IRAN, representing one of the most dust-polluted cities in West Asia. Here, vulnerability is defined as a function of three components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of the people in the city blocks to sand and dust storms. These components were formulated into measurable indicators (i.e. GIS layers) including: PM2.5, wind speed, distance from dust emission sources, demographic statistics (age, gender, family size, education level), number of building floors, building age, land surface temperature (LST), land use, percentage of literate population, distance from health services, distance from city facilities (city center, shopping centers), distance from infrastructure (public transportation, main roads and highways), distance from parks and green spaces, and green area per capita. The components and the indicators were weighted using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Different levels of risks for the components and the indicators were defined using ordered weighted averaging (OWA). Urban SDS vulnerability maps at different risk levels were generated through spatial multi-criteria data analysis procedure. Vulnerability maps, with different risk levels, were validated against field-collected data of 781 patients hospitalized for dust-related diseases (i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular, and skin). Results showed that (i) SDS vulnerability map, obtained from the developed methodology, gives an overall accuracy of 79%; (ii); regions 1 and 5 of Ahvaz are recognized with the highest and lowest vulnerabilities to SDS, respectively; and (iii) ORness equal to 0 (very low risk) is the optimum SDS-VM risk level for decision-making to mitigate the harmful impacts of SDS in the deposition areas of Ahvaz city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darvishi Boloorani
- Key Laboratory of Digital Land and Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Najmeh Neysani Samany
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alijafar Mousivand
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasin Kazemi
- Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Zahedi
- Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Javad Rabiei
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran
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Goudarzi G, Baboli Z, Moslemnia M, Tobekhak M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Neisi A, Ghanemi K, Babaei AA, Hashemzadeh B, Ahmadi Angali K, Dobaradaran S, Ramezani Z, Hassanvand MS, Dehdari Rad H, Kayedi N. Assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risks of ambient air PM 10-bound PAHs in oil-rich cities of Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:319-330. [PMID: 34150238 PMCID: PMC8172715 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations of PM10-bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m- 3, respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m- 3, respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10- 6 and 1 × 10- 4, and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people's health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maliheh Moslemnia
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Meimanat Tobekhak
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kamal Ghanemi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bayram Hashemzadeh
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Ramezani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Neda Kayedi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shahsavani A, Tobías A, Querol X, Stafoggia M, Abdolshahnejad M, Mayvaneh F, Guo Y, Hadei M, Saeed Hashemi S, Khosravi A, Namvar Z, Yarahmadi M, Emam B. Short-term effects of particulate matter during desert and non-desert dust days on mortality in Iran. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105299. [PMID: 31751828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations are commonly observed during desert dust days in Iran, but there is still no evidence of their effects on human health. We aimed to evaluate the association between daily mortality and exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 during dust and non-dust days in Tehran and Ahvaz, two major Middle Eastern cities with different sources, intensity, and frequency of desert dust days. METHODS We identified desert dust days based on exceeding a daily PM10 concentration threshold of 150 µg/m3 between 2014 and 2017, checking for low PM2.5/PM10 ratio typical of dust days. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to estimate the short-term effects of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations on daily mortality during dust and non-dust days. Data was analyzed using conditional Poisson regression models. RESULTS Higher concentrations of PM and frequency of desert dust days were observed in Ahvaz rather than Tehran. In Ahvaz, the effect of PM10 at lag 0 was much higher during dust days, an increment of 10 μg/m3 was associated with 3.28% (95%CI = [2.42, 4.15]) increase of daily mortality, than non-dust days, 1.03% (95%CI = [-0.02, 2.08]), while in Tehran, was slightly higher during non-dust days, 0.72% (95%CI = [0.23, 1.23]), than in dust days, 0.49% (95%CI = [-0.22, 1.20]). No statistically significant associations were observed between PM2.5 and daily mortality in Ahvaz, while in Teheran the effect of PM2.5 increased significantly during non-dust days at lag 2, 1.89% (95%CI = [0.83, 1.2.95] and lag 3, 1.88% (95%CI = [0.83, 1.2.95]). CONCLUSION The study provides evidence that exposure to PM during Middle East dust days is an important risk factor to human health in arid regions and areas affected by desert dust events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fatemeh Mayvaneh
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Namvar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Baharan Emam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ahmadipour F, Esmaeili Sari A, Bahramifar N. Characterization, concentration and risk assessment of airborne particles using car engine air filter (case study: Tehran metropolis). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2649-2663. [PMID: 31098950 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric elements released into the atmosphere can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact and are then deposited in the body. Trace elements have potential risks to human health. For this purpose, the particulate matter accumulated by car air filters (CAFs) was studied. The morphology and distribution of particle size were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The concentration of elements in CAFs and CAF-estimated air for 30 elements in Tehran, Iran, was analyzed in winter and summer, from February to July 2017. Samples were determined by inductively coupled mass plasma spectrometry. The most abundantly detected elements in both CAFs and air in both seasons were Ca, Mg, Na and Fe. The shape of the particles was mostly irregular and spherical. Most of the particles were between 0.5 and 1.0 µm. The carcinogenic risks of inhalation exposure to Cr and Co in winter and summer were higher than the acceptable level (< 1 × 10-4) for children and adults. The carcinogenic risks of As and Cr in both seasons were higher than 1 × 10-4 for children and adults via dermal contact. Also, the carcinogenic risks of Cr in both seasons of ingestion exposure were higher than 1.00E-04 for children and adults. The integrated noncarcinogenic risks of all trace elements were higher than the safe level (= 1) for children and adults in both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Esmaeili Sari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
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Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Moradi M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, Rastkari N. Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:30. [PMID: 30275872 PMCID: PMC6161385 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the observed concentrations to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons. METHODS Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several additional parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, number of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temperature, humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compounds were performed. RESULTS Indoor concentrations of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concentrations. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addition, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were affected by the number of hair dying treatments. The concentration of xylene was affected by the number of hair styling. The concentration of formaldehyde was affected by the number of hair styling and number of nail treatments. CONCLUSION With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concentrations of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Moradi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baharan Emam
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ashrafi K, Fallah R, Hadei M, Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A. Source Apportionment of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Modeling in Ahvaz, Iran. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:278-294. [PMID: 29313074 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for apportionment of pollutants' sources to facilitate their reduction through proper management plans. The present study was designed to determine the contribution of each possible source of total suspended particles in Ahvaz's ambient air using positive matrix factorization (PMF), chemical mass balance (CMB), and the SPECIATE database. The sampling program undertaken followed EPA's guidelines and finally resulted in 74 samples. The concentration of 33 elemental and 10 ionic species were measured during a whole year. Three modeling approaches were applied: PMF, the integrated use of PMF and CMB, and the integrated use of the SPECIATE database and CMB. Six sources were derived by PMF: crustal dust (30.6%), industrial and mining activities (25.4%), motor vehicles (23.4%), marine aerosols (11.5%), secondary inorganic aerosols (5.7%), and road dust (3.4%). The contributions of sources from PMF-CMB approach were crustal dust (32.9%), industrial and mining activities (20.9%), motor vehicles (19.7%), marine aerosols (11.1%), secondary inorganic aerosols (9.2%), and road dust (9.36%). Seven sources were derived by SPECIATE-CMB approach: crustal dust (23.2%), industrial and mining activities (20.1%), motor vehicles (17.5%), marine aerosols (12.4%), secondary inorganic aerosols (4.8%), road dust (5.3%), and "nondetermined sources" factor (16.7%). Despite the different contributions of sources, there is a noticeable consistency between the results of these approaches. Furthermore, because of the approved performance of combined receptor models in previous studies and the presence of sufficient data on the number of species and samples, the results of the PMF-CMB approach are possibly the most realistic among those of the three applied approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosro Ashrafi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fallah
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Marayam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, Shahsavani A. Mortality assessment attributed to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29525861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Few studies regarding the health effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) have been carried out in Asia or the Middle East. The objective of our study was to assess total, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality attributed to long-term exposure to PM2.5 among adults aged over 30 years in Tehran from March 2013 to March 2016 using AirQ+ software. AirQ+ modeling software was used to estimate the number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 concentrations higher than 10 μg m-3. Air quality data were obtained from the Department of Environment (DOE) and Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC). Only valid stations with data completeness of 75% in all 3 years were selected for entry into the model. The 3-year average of the 24-h concentrations was 39.17 μg m-3. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2015-2016 was reduced by 13% compared to that in 2013-2014. The annual average number of all natural, COPD, and lung cancer deaths attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in adults aged more than 30 years was 5073, 158, and 142 cases, respectively. The results of all three health endpoints indicate that the mortality attributable to PM2.5 decreased yearly from 2013 to 2016 and that the reduced mortality was related to a corresponding reduction in the PM2.5 concentration. Considering these first positive results, the steps that have been currently taken for reducing air pollution in Tehran should be continued to further improve the already positive effects of these measures on reducing health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mohammd Reza Alipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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