1
|
Fernández Camporro Á. [Translated article] Ötzi, the Iceman: Lyme Disease, Androgenetic Alopecia, and Dark Skin. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T530. [PMID: 38479695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Á Fernández Camporro
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernández Camporro Á. Ötzi, the Iceman: Lyme Disease, Androgenetic Alopecia, and Dark Skin. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:530. [PMID: 37704171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Á Fernández Camporro
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, España.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chalarca-Cañas D, Caviedes-Cleves MA, Correa-Londoño LA, Ospina-Gómez JP, Velásquez-Lopera MM. Tattoos: risks and complications, clinical and histopathological approach. An Bras Dermatol 2024:S0365-0596(24)00034-5. [PMID: 38521707 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin modification through tattoos is as old as humanity itself. However, this trend is on the rise, and with the use of different types of pigments and application practices, both cutaneous and systemic complications can arise. Adverse reactions can be grouped into five classes: inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, aesthetic, and miscellaneous. On histopathology, inflammatory reactions can exhibit a lichenoid pattern or present as spongiotic dermatitis, granulomatous reactions, pseudolymphoma, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, or scleroderma/morphea-like changes. This article reviews tattoo complications, including their clinical and histopathological characteristics. METHODS An open search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "tattoo", "complications", and "skin". No limits were set for period, language, or publication type of the articles. RESULTS Reactions to tattoos are reported in up to 67% of people who get tattooed, with papulonodular and granulomatous reactions being the most common. Some neoplastic complications have been described, but their causality is still debated. Any pigment can cause adverse reactions, although red ink is more frequently associated with them. Patients with pre-existing dermatoses may experience exacerbation or complications of their diseases when getting tattoos; therefore, this procedure is not recommended for this patient group. CONCLUSIONS Dermatological consultation is recommended before getting a tattoo, as well as a histopathological examination in case of complications. In patients who develop cutaneous inflammatory reactions following tattooing, additional studies are recommended to investigate systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, atopic dermatitis, and neoplasms. It is important for physicians to be trained in providing appropriate care in case of complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Chalarca-Cañas
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | - Luis A Correa-Londoño
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buchanan WW, Kean CA, Kean WF, Rainsford KD. Osteoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:13-22. [PMID: 37195499 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The clinical appearance and radiological pattern of osteoarthritis have been identified in the skeletons of dinosaurs some 50-70 million years old, and in Egyptian mummies, and in ancient skeletons in England. Osteoarthritis patterns of joint involvement, often referred to as primary osteoarthritis, can be seen in the hands, spinal facet joints, hips, knees and feet, but can also be termed secondary osteoarthritis when seen in any joint that has had trauma, sepsis, surgery or metabolic insult. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increases with age. The histology and pathophysiology both demonstrate an inflammatory process. While there have been studies of genetic predisposition, the basic cause of primary osteoarthritis has not been determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Watson Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Colin A Kean
- Haldimand War Memorial Hospital, 400 Broad Street, Dunnville, ON, N1A 2P7, Canada
| | - Walter F Kean
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
- Haldimand War Memorial Hospital, 400 Broad Street, Dunnville, ON, N1A 2P7, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hernandez L, Mohsin N, Frech FS, Dreyfuss I, Vander Does A, Nouri K. Laser tattoo removal: laser principles and an updated guide for clinicians. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2581-2587. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Nerlich AG, Egarter Vigl E, Fleckinger A, Tauber M, Peschel O. [The Iceman : Life scenarios and pathological findings from 30 years of research on the glacier mummy "Ötzi"]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:530-539. [PMID: 34240239 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive investigation of the excellently preserved mummy of Ötzi, the Iceman, and his equipment over the last 30 years has provided a wealth of information about the life and disease of this late Neolithic individual. This research has indicated that his origin was from a local southern Alpine population, that he grew up in the valleys of the Southern Alps, and that he had considerable local mobility. He had well-balanced nutrition with a mixed vegetable and animal diet. He was very mobile in the alpine terrain and of athletic constitution. The Iceman suffered from mild to moderate degenerative joint disease primarily of the right hip joint, slight spondylosis of the cervical and lumbar spine, a minor focal (premature) arteriosclerosis, lung anthracosis and possibly silicosis, previous pleuritic inflammation (possibly of post-specific origin), intestinal infections of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and Trichuris trichiura worm infestation in the intestines, a mild osteomalacia of cancellous bone, and diverse pathologies of his teeth with dental caries and periodontitis, as well as hair anomalies. The presence of borreliosis is still under debate. As potential remedies, the Iceman carried some anthelmintic substances with him: a birch polypore and an anthelmintic fern. The numerous tattoos may also have had therapeutic effects. Finally, the last days of Ötzi could be reconstructed quite precisely: his gastrointestinal content indicates that the Iceman moved from Alpine heights to a lower location and then again up to the glacier region where he died. During this journey he encountered two attacks: the first, several days before his death, lead to a stabbing wound in his right hand; the second was an arrow hit that wounded the Iceman lethally at his left axilla by laceration of the subclavian artery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Nerlich
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bogenhausen, München Klinik gGmbH, Englschalkingerstr. 77, 81925, München, Deutschland.
| | | | | | - Martina Tauber
- Betrieblicher Dienst für Pathologische Anatomie, Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb, Bozen, Italien
| | - Oliver Peschel
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Belcastro MG, Nicolosi T, Sorrentino R, Mariotti V, Pietrobelli A, Bettuzzi M, Morigi MP, Benazzi S, Talamo S, Miari M, Preti N, Castagna L, Pisani L, Grandi L, Baraldi P, Zannini P, Scarponi D, De Waele J. Unveiling an odd fate after death: The isolated Eneolithic cranium discovered in the Marcel Loubens Cave (Bologna, Northern Italy). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247306. [PMID: 33657148 PMCID: PMC7928464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An isolated human cranium, dated to the early Eneolithic period, was discovered in 2015 at the top of a vertical shaft in the natural Marcel Loubens gypsum Cave (Bologna area, northern Italy). No other anthropological or archaeological remains were found inside the cave. In other caves of the same area anthropic and funerary use are attested from prehistory to more recent periods. We focused on investigating the circumstances surrounding the death of this individual, since the cranium shows signs of some lesions that appear to be the results of a perimortem manipulation probably carried out to remove soft tissues. Anthropological analyses revealed that the cranium belonged to a young woman. We analysed the taphonomic features and geological context to understand how and why the cranium ended up (accidentally or intentionally) in the cave. The analyses of both the sediments accumulated inside the cranium and the incrustations and pigmentation covering its outer surface suggested that it fell into the cave, drawn by a flow of water and mud, likely from the edges of a doline. The accidental nature of the event is also seemingly confirmed by some post-mortem lesions on the cranium. The comparison with other Eneolithic archaeological sites in northern Italy made it possible to interpret the find as likely being from a funerary or ritual context, in which corpse dismemberment (in particular the displacement of crania) was practiced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Nicolosi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department for the Cultural Heritage, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariotti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pietrobelli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bettuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Morigi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department for the Cultural Heritage, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Sahra Talamo
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Miari
- Superintendency of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape of the provinces of Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nevio Preti
- Gruppo Speleologico Bolognese (GBS)—Unione Speleologica Bolognese (USB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Castagna
- Gruppo Speleologico Bolognese (GBS)—Unione Speleologica Bolognese (USB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pisani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Gruppo Speleologico Bolognese (GBS)—Unione Speleologica Bolognese (USB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Grandi
- Gruppo Speleologico Bolognese (GBS)—Unione Speleologica Bolognese (USB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of the Studies of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Zannini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of the Studies of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Scarponi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jo De Waele
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mathis S, Soulages A, Le Masson G, Vallat JM. Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes. J Neurol 2020; 268:879-890. [PMID: 32914207 PMCID: PMC7483039 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The history of mankind is marked by numerous epidemics, some of which involved diseases of the peripheral nervous system, either infectious or otherwise. We describe here the three main infectious causes of epidemics that affect the peripheral nervous system: leprosy, poliomyelitis and diphtheria. We then discuss the main epidemics of immune-mediated origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux (Pellegrin University Hospital), Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Antoine Soulages
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux (Pellegrin University Hospital), Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwendal Le Masson
- Department of Neurology, Nerve-Muscle Unit, CHU Bordeaux (Pellegrin University Hospital), Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, 'Physiopathologie de La Plasticité Neuronale', U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for 'Rare Peripheral Neuropathies', University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Nystrom KC, Tilley L. Mummy studies and the bioarchaeology of care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 25:64-71. [PMID: 30017496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioarchaeology of care is a framework through which researchers can begin to infer the level of care an individual may have required based on the presence of paleopathological evidence. To date, all of the research that has employed the framework has been based on evidence derived from skeletal material. This special issue was organized in order to highlight how the analysis of mummified soft tissue, as well as other sources of data commonly associated with mummified remains, such as coprolites and intestinal contents, has the potential to provide valuable insight into the reconstruction of care in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Nystrom
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at New Paltz, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Middelveen MJ, Fesler MC, Stricker RB. History of Morgellons disease: from delusion to definition. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:71-90. [PMID: 29467580 PMCID: PMC5811176 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s152343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morgellons disease (MD) is a skin condition characterized by the presence of multicolored filaments that lie under, are embedded in, or project from skin. Although the condition may have a longer history, disease matching the above description was first reported in the US in 2002. Since that time, the condition that we know as MD has become a polemic topic. Because individuals afflicted with the disease may have crawling or stinging sensations and sometimes believe they have an insect or parasite infestation, most medical practitioners consider MD a purely delusional disorder. Clinical studies supporting the hypothesis that MD is exclusively delusional in origin have considerable methodological flaws and often neglect the fact that mental disorders can result from underlying somatic illness. In contrast, rigorous experimental investigations show that this skin affliction results from a physiological response to the presence of an infectious agent. Recent studies from that point of view show an association between MD and spirochetal infection in humans, cattle, and dogs. These investigations have determined that the cutaneous filaments are not implanted textile fibers, but are composed of the cellular proteins keratin and collagen and result from overproduction of these filaments in response to spirochetal infection. Further studies of the genetics, pathogenesis, and treatment of MD are warranted.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has previously analyzed aggressiveness, homicide, and Lyme disease (LD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective LD chart reviews analyzed aggressiveness, compared 50 homicidal with 50 non-homicidal patients, and analyzed homicides. RESULTS Most aggression with LD was impulsive, sometimes provoked by intrusive symptoms, sensory stimulation or frustration and was invariably bizarre and senseless. About 9.6% of LD patients were homicidal with the average diagnosis delay of 9 years. Postinfection findings associated with homicidality that separated from the non-homicidal group within the 95% confidence interval included suicidality, sudden abrupt mood swings, explosive anger, paranoia, anhedonia, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle, disinhibition, nightmares, depersonalization, intrusive aggressive images, dissociative episodes, derealization, intrusive sexual images, marital/family problems, legal problems, substance abuse, depression, panic disorder, memory impairments, neuropathy, cranial nerve symptoms, and decreased libido. Seven LD homicides included predatory aggression, poor impulse control, and psychosis. Some patients have selective hyperacusis to mouth sounds, which I propose may be the result of brain dysfunction causing a disinhibition of a primitive fear of oral predation. CONCLUSION LD and the immune, biochemical, neurotransmitter, and the neural circuit reactions to it can cause impairments associated with violence. Many LD patients have no aggressiveness tendencies or only mild degrees of low frustration tolerance and irritability and pose no danger; however, a lesser number experience explosive anger, a lesser number experience homicidal thoughts and impulses, and much lesser number commit homicides. Since such large numbers are affected by LD, this small percent can be highly significant. Much of the violence associated with LD can be avoided with better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of LD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Bransfield
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Charlier P, Bou Abdallah F, Mostefai Y, Brun L, Hervé C. Lésions cutanées de médecine traditionnelle soudanaise. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:401-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Using India Ink as a Sensor for Oximetry: Evidence of its Safety as a Medical Device. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:297-312. [PMID: 28685459 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical EPR spectroscopy is emerging as an important modality, with the potential to be used in standard clinical practice to determine the extent of hypoxia in tissues and whether hypoxic tissues respond to breathing enriched oxygen during therapy. Oximetry can provide important information useful for prognosis and to improve patient outcomes. EPR oximetry has many potential advantages over other ways to measure oxygen in tissues, including directly measuring oxygen in tissues and being particularly sensitive to low oxygen, repeatable, and non-invasive after an initial injection of the EPR-sensing material is placed in the tumor. The most immediately available oxygen sensor is India ink, where two classes of carbon (carbon black and charcoal) have been identified as having acceptable paramagnetic properties for oximetry. While India ink has a long history of safe use in tattoos, a systematic research search regarding its safety for marking tissues for medical uses and an examination of the evidence that differentiates between ink based on charcoal or carbon black has not been conducted. METHODS Using systematic literature search techniques, we searched the PubMed and Food and Drug Administration databases, finding ~1000 publications reporting on adverse events associated with India/carbon based inks. The detailed review of outcomes was based on studies involving >16 patients, where the ink was identifiable as carbon black or charcoal. RESULTS Fifty-six studies met these criteria. There were few reports of complications other than transient and usually mild discomfort and bleeding at injection, and there was no difference in charcoal vs. carbon black India ink. CONCLUSIONS India ink was generally well tolerated by patients and physicians reported that it was easy to use in practice and used few resources. The risk is low enough to justify its use as an oxygen sensor in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
15
|
Perry SA. Excruciating Mental States. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60576-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
16
|
Lyme Disease. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
17
|
Islam PS, Chang C, Selmi C, Generali E, Huntley A, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME. Medical Complications of Tattoos: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50:273-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Simunovic C, Shinohara MM. Complications of decorative tattoos: recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15:525-36. [PMID: 25385257 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-014-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tattooing is an ancient practice that enjoys continued popularity. Although a modern, professionally performed tattoo is generally safe, complications can occur. A skin biopsy of all tattoo reactions is recommended as some tattoo reactions have systemic implications. Tattoo-related infections are seen days to decades after tattooing, and range from acute pyogenic infections to cutaneous tuberculosis. In particular, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections happen in tattoos with increasing frequency and are introduced at the time of tattooing through contaminated ink or water used to dilute inks. Despite a transition in tattoo pigments from metal salts to industrial azo dyes, hypersensitivity reactions also persist, and include eczematous, granulomatous, lichenoid, and pseudoepitheliomatous patterns (among others). Granulomatous tattoo reactions can be a clue to cutaneous or systemic sarcoidosis, particularly in the setting of interferon use. Pseudoepitheliomatous tattoo reactions have substantial overlap with squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma, making diagnosis and management difficult. Other malignancies and their benign mimics can occur in tattoos, raising questions about the safety of tattoo ink and its role in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|