Inner retinal layers' alterations and microvasculature changes after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Detachment: Prognostic Biomarkers, Surgical Planning, and Postoperative Monitoring

Retinal detachment (RD) is a vision-threatening ocular emergency that necessitates rapid diagnosis and intervention. This review examines the evolving role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in RD by synthesizing the literature on preoperative biomarkers and advanced image modalities that inform diagnosis, prognosis, and surgical planning. We evaluated studies employing spectral-domain OCT, swept-source OCT, OCT angiography, adaptive optics OCT, and en face OCT to assess photoreceptor integrity, retinal detachment height, intraretinal cystic cavities, outer retinal corrugations and undulation, and macular involvement. The incorporation of OCT assessment into clinical practice may facilitate more precise surgical timing, technique selection, and postoperative monitoring. Further research is needed to standardize imaging protocols and validate specific prognostic biomarkers for optimal surgical outcomes. Key aspects include uniform imaging protocols, validating OCT-derived biomarkers such as ellipsoid zone integrity, and correlating OCT metrics with functional outcomes.

Evaluation of macular integrity, after retinal detachment surgery, using MAIA microperimetry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

To describe visual function, macular integrity, and fixation stability using MAIA microperimetry (macular integrity assessment) after retinal detachment surgery. Evaluate if there are statistically significant differences between surgical approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective, comparative, interventional study was conducted, recruiting a total of 21 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and macula-off. Eleven patients underwent surgery using pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and 10 patients underwent scleral buckle surgery. Clinical examinations and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed post-surgery. MAIA microperimetry was conducted at 6 months.

RESULTS

Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the number of letters read improved over time in the operated eye but did not reach the level of the control eye (p = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the two surgical approaches in BCVA (p = 0.230) or the number of letters read (p = 0.608). Macular integrity in the operated eye did not match that of the control eye in both procedures (p = 0.05). No differences were detected between the two surgeries, either in macular integrity (p = 0.512) or fixation stability (p = 0.835).

CONCLUSIONS

Following retinal detachment surgery, a decrease in BCVA and the number of letters read occurs, which does not reach the level of the control eye. No significant differences were observed between the two surgical approaches. Macular integrity in the operated eye does not match that of the control eye.

Microvascular changes after pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair: A comparative study based on gas tamponade agent

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gas tamponade on microvascular changes in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

METHODS

Participants in this study were 48 patients with RRD, who were treated with PPV and gas tamponade without internal limiting membrane peeling. All participants underwent slit-lamp examination, fundoscopy, spectral domain-optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography at month 6 postoperatively. The fellow untreated eyes were also examined and served as the control data.

RESULTS

A statistically significant enlargement in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in both the superficial (p = 0.002) and the deep capillary plexus (p = 0.01) was noticed 6 months postoperatively in patients with RRD treated with PPV compared to the fellow eyes. The foveal avascular zone perimeter was increased in the operated eyes in the deep capillary plexus (p = 0.0003) and the foveal avascular zone circularity was decreased in both the superficial (p = 0.045) and the deep capillary plexus (p < 0.001) compared to the fellow eyes. The vessel density was not significantly different between the operated and the fellow eyes in the superficial and the deep capillary plexus. The vessel density and the foveal avascular zone parameters were comparable between the C3F8 and SF6 groups.

CONCLUSION

Specific microvascular indices as measured by OCTA were statistically different between the operated and the fellow eyes in the superficial and deep capillary plexus. C3F8 and SF6 as gas tamponades did not seem to differ in their impact on the microvascular parameters.

Assessment of Microvascular Changes After Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair Using Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to evaluate retinal microvascular changes and visual outcomes following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair using wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 116 eyes of 111 patients with macula-off (n = 68) or macula-on (n = 48) RRD treated with a single successful procedure, 79 fellow eyes, and 183 eyes of control patients imaged with WF SS-OCTA (3 ×3, 6 ×6, and 12 ×12 mm images). Mixed-effects multiple linear regression models were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Vessel density (VD) and vessel skeletonized density (VSD) of the superficial capillary plexus (3 ×3 mm scans) and full-thickness retina (12 ×12 mm) were significantly reduced in RRD eyes compared to fellow and control eyes. Decreased VSD and VD in all layers (3 ×3 mm and 6 ×6 mm) were significantly associated with greater preoperative extent of retinal detachment (P < 0.05) and poorer postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in RRD eyes (P < 0.05). Macula-off status was associated with increased foveal avascular zone irregularity (12 ×12 mm, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Decreased VD on WF SS-OCTA is associated with poorer postoperative BCVA following RRD repair. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:310-317.].

Quantitative Microvascular Change Analysis Using a Semi-Automated Algorithm in Macula-on Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Assessed by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate the longitudinal changes observed in the retinal capillaries in eyes with macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), assessed with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and to assess the role of these microvascular measures as potential biomarkers of postoperative visual outcomes.

METHODS

This was a prospective, longitudinal study conducted on consecutive patients who underwent 25 G pars plana vitrectomy for primary RRD. The vessel area density (VAD), vessel skeleton density (VSD), and vessel diameter index (VDI) were assessed in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses.

RESULTS

Twenty-three eyes with macula-on RRD were included in the study. The mean preoperative VDI, VAD, and VSD of the RRD eye were 18.6 ± 1.1, 0.43 ± 0.02, and 0.17 ± 0.01 in the SCP; and 18.6 ± 0.6, 0.38 ± 0.03, and 0.15 ± 0.01 in the DCP, respectively. At month 6, eight (34.8%) eyes achieved a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) gain ≥ 0.1 LogMAR. A preoperative VDI > 17.80, VSD > 0.170, and VDI-change > -0.395 in the SCP; and VDI > 18.11 and VDI change > -0.039 in the DCP were predictors of achieving a BCVA-gain ≥ 0.1 LogMAR.

CONCLUSIONS

The preoperative VDI in SCP and DCP, the preoperative VSD in SCP, and their changes from preoperative values were predictors of visual outcomes. A quantitative OCTA analysis of capillary density and morphology may represent a potential predictive tool for surgical outcomes in RRD. The results reported in this study suggest that OCTA is a useful ancillary test for clinical disease management.

Mean Ocular Perfusion Pressure Effect During Pars Plana Vitrectomy on the Foveal Avascular Zone: A Pilot Study

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of mean ocular perfusion pressure on the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in eyes with successful retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Methods: This prospective pilot fellow eye-controlled study measured the intraoperative mean ocular perfusion pressure in eyes having surgery for rhegmatogenous RD (RRD). Postoperatively, the FAZ area was measured; the change was calculated as the difference in the FAZ area between the operated eye and the contralateral control eye. Results: The study comprised 8 patients with a mean age (±SD) of 53.38 ± 13.92 years. The mean superficial FAZ area was not different between operated eyes and control eyes, while the deep FAZ area was significantly larger in operated eyes. There was a strong negative correlation between the mean ocular perfusion pressure and the change in the deep FAZ area (Spearman ρ, -0.73; P = .04); the correlation between the mean ocular perfusion pressure and the change in the superficial FAZ area was not significant (Spearman ρ, -0.24; P = .57). A significant linear regression was found between the mean ocular perfusion pressure and the change in the deep FAZ area (R2 = 0.388). The predicted enlargement of the deep FAZ area was 0.03 mm with every 1 mm Hg decrease in the mean ocular perfusion pressure. Conclusions: Lower intraoperative mean ocular perfusion pressure is associated with enlargement of the deep FAZ area in eyes having successful RRD surgery.

Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Treated With Pars-Plana Vitrectomy: Impact of Gas Tamponade

PURPOSE

To investigate changes in vision-related quality of life in patients treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and compare groups according to the type of gas tamponade used.

METHODS

Participants in this study were 48 patients with RRD who were treated with PPV and gas tamponade (sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) or perfluoropropane (C₃F₈)) without internal limiting membrane peeling. All participants underwent slit-lamp examination, fundoscopy, axial-length measurement, and completed the Vision Function Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25) at month six postoperatively. We compared VFQ-25 composite and subscale scores in the SF₆ and C₃F₈ groups and investigated any correlations between age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length, and VFQ-25 scores.

RESULTS

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups (axial length, macular status, retinal detachment extent, duration of symptoms, and lens status) were comparable between the two groups. We found a statistically significant decrease in general vision (GV), ocular pain (OP), and driving (D) scores in the C₃F₈ group compared to the SF₆ group. The VFQ-25 composite score was comparable in the two groups. Similarly, all other subscales of the VFQ-25 did not differ significantly between the two groups. Age and BCVA did not significantly correlate with VFQ-25 composite and subscale scores.

CONCLUSION

Specific VFQ-25 subscales were decreased in patients with RRD treated with C₃F₈ as a gas tamponade compared to SF₆. This finding warrants further research in the tamponade agents used in PPV surgeries.

Macular Parameters Change during Silicon Oil Tamponade for Retinal Detachment Surgery

Background and Objectives: To evaluate possible changes in macular thickness parameters during and after silicon oil tamponade and in pars plana rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study included 34 consecutive patients who underwent 23-gauge retinal detachment surgery with silicon oil tamponade. Central macular thickness (CMT), central macular volume cube (CMV) and average macular thickness cube (AVG) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) before rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery with silicon oil tamponade during tamponade (seven days, one month and three months after surgery), and one month after silicon oil removal. Results: In our sample, macular parameters CMT, CMV and AVG in patients who underwent retinal detachment surgery were statistically reduced during silicon oil tamponade (p < 0.05). After silicon oil removal, all parameters recovered, reaching numeric values which were not statistically significant compared to preoperative values. The average span of silicon oil tamponade was 162 +/- 23 days. Conclusions: Silicon oil tamponade during 23-gauge rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery leads to a transitory reduction of central macular thickness, central macular volume cube and average macular thickness cube in eyes that underwent retinal surgery. After silicon oil removal, macular parameters returned to preoperative values in most of the patients.

How should we report the foveal status in eyes with "macula-off" retinal detachment?

Whilst pre- and postoperative multimodal imaging technologies including optical coherence tomography (OCT) have investigated the morphological correlates of worsened visual outcomes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with foveal involvement, the nomenclature has adhered to the traditional ophthalmoscopy-based and rather vague term "macula-off". This article appraises the current literature with regard to the preoperative assessment and nomenclature of the foveal status in macula involving retinal detachment (MIRD). A literature review of recent publications assessing functional or morphological outcomes in MIRD was conducted, using the search terms "fovea-off" or "macula-off". The search date was April 28^th, 2021. Original studies in English language were included. Case reports, review articles or letters were excluded. Forty relevant articles (range of publication dates: July 29^th, 2020 - April 18^th, 2021) were reviewed to assess the diagnostic modalities used, morphological parameters assessed, and any specific nomenclature introduced to specify the extent of macular detachment. The results suggest widespread variability and inconsistencies with regard to the preoperative assessment, diagnostic modalities and nomenclature used to describe the foveal status in eyes with RRD termed "macula-off". The extent of macular detachment may be classified by a wide range of morphological parameters, including the height of foveal detachment and the ETDRS grid as overlay tool in OCT devices. There is a scientific and clinical need for an updated nomenclature for eyes with "macula-off" RRD. Preoperative OCT findings should be reported on a regular and standardized basis in order to establish a consensus how to report the foveal status in eyes with MIRD.

Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is a sight-threatening condition that may lead to blindness if left untreated. Surgical treatments may vary and are tailored to a single patient. Anatomical and functional results may vary, due to factors that are currently under study. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows a detailed visualization of the retinal structure. Some studies have been performed using OCT on eyes with retinal detachment. We performed a review on the subject. Several data have been obtained using different OCT applications. Some alterations may represent potential biomarkers since they are associated with visual and anatomical prognoses. Increased knowledge on the subject may be helpful to choose among different surgical strategies and endotamponades. More research on the topic is needed.

Long-Term Macular Vascular Changes after Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Surgery Resolved with Different Tamponade or Different Surgical Techniques

Background: The aim of this study was to assess long-term macular vascular changes and their correlation with functional recovery in patients successfully treated for Macula-ON and Macula-OFF rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 82 eyes of 82 patients who received primary successful retinal detachment surgery, 33 Macula-ON and 49 Macula-OFF. Superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP) were evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and were correlated with visual acuity (VA), surgical technique and tamponade at 12 months after surgery. The fellow eyes were used as controls. Results: At 12-month follow-up, there was a significant decrease in the vessel density (VD) in the SCP in the operated eyes compared to control eyes (p < 0.05) in both the Macula-ON and Macula-OFF groups. Vessel length density (VLD) decrease in SCP was more extended in the Macula-OFF group. No difference in the DCP perfusion parameters was found, compared to controls. Subgroup analysis dependent on the type of surgery or tamponade showed no significant differences of VD and VLD. An inverse correlation was found between the SCP VD and the duration of silicone oil (SO) tamponade (p = 0.039). A significant correlation was observed between parafoveal SCP VD and final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (p = 0.028). The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that only the type of tamponade was significantly correlated with the final BCVA in the Macula-ON group (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Our study described long-term perfusion changes in RRD after surgery, with lower SCP VD and VLD in the operated eyes compared to the fellow ones, not influenced by type of surgery or tamponade. The choice of tamponade and SO removal timing may affect functional outcomes, especially in Macula-ON RRD. In conclusion, such functional and perfusion changes can be considered biomarkers that highlight the relevance of careful management of this sight-threatening disease.

Early Structural and Vascular Changes after Within-24 Hours Vitrectomy for Recent Onset Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Treatment: A Pilot Study Comparing Bisected Macula and Not Bisected Macula

Background: In this study we aimed at investigating macular perfusion/anatomical changes in eyes with early onset rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after prompt surgery within 24 hours, comparing a bisected macula and not bisected macula RRD. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 14 eyes of 14 patients who underwent within-24 hours vitreoretinal surgery for early onset RRD were enrolled. Patients were further divided into two subgroups: the not bisected macula group (NBM group) and the bisected macula group (BM group). At baseline and 3-month follow up, macular architecture and vessel analysis were assessed using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging. In detail, quantitative and qualitative analyses of the macular area were performed to quantify topographical retinal perfusion changes after surgery, calculating the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density (VD) and vessel length density (VLD) at the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Results: Most cases (43%) were superotemporal RRD. Primary retinal reattachment was obtained in all cases, without recurrences within 3-month follow up. After surgery, a significant FAZ enlargement was observed at both the SCP and DCP level (p < 0.001; p < 0.05), with a significant effect of time noted between the two time points in the NBM and BM subanalysis (F = 3.68; p < 0.017). An excellent functional outcome was maintained for the whole follow-up. On the other hand, after surgery, perfusion parameters did not change significantly apart from the vessel density of the inferior macular sector at the DCP level (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the macular perfusion of eyes with RRD is still preserved if the surgery is performed really promptly, thus highlighting the great importance of a correct timing for surgery. OCTA analysis allows for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underneath early vascular microarchitecture modifications of the posterior pole in retinal detachment, differentiating the two types of RRD not completely involving the fovea (BM and NBM).

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment induces more severe macular capillary changes than central serous chorioretinopathy

To investigate hemodynamic changes in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its impact on visual prognosis by comparing with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), vascular density in the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus (DCP) was retrospectively compared with that in contralateral unaffected eyes in macula-off RRD and CSC eyes. In RRD eyes, pre- and postoperative ultra-widefield (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA) were obtained to analyze vascular changes. In OCTA, both macula-off RRD and CSC eyes showed less density in macular DCP, compared to the unaffected fellow eyes. Compared to CSC, eyes affected by macula-off RRD showed a reduction in DCP vascular density and an increase in foveal avascular zone area, although it had a much shorter macular detachment period. In macula-off RRD, less density of DCP was strongly correlated with longer duration of detachment, greater ellipsoid zone disruption, and poor visual recovery. In UWF-FA, detached retina showed capillary hypoperfusion, venous stasis and leakage, which were improved after reattachment. In conclusion, macular capillary loss of flow, which was associated with photoreceptor disruption, correlated with duration of detachment in RRD. Early reattachment and reperfusion are required for minimizing macular vasculature and photoreceptor damage in macula-off RRD.

Association of OCT-A characteristics with postoperative visual acuity after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery: a review of the literature

PURPOSE

Emerging evidence has suggested that macular microcirculation and microstructural changes after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) successful reattachment surgery are currently evaluated in detail by OCT-Angiography (OCT-A). New imaging technology has revealed the existence of microscopic macular changes, even in cases that retinal morphology appears to be normal in fundus biomicroscopy. The use of OCT-A for the examination of foveal characteristics has attracted significant attention in recent years as the technique offers a potential explanation of the suboptimal recovery of visual acuity and incomplete restoration of the macula despite anatomical repair. However, the available evidence that is needed to establish the OCT-A parameters as predicting factors in clinical practice is both limited and contradictory.

METHODS

A detailed review of the literature was conducted. The association of OCT-A characteristics with postoperative visual acuity after RRD surgery, including vitrectomy with gas tamponade and in some cases scleral buckle, was extensively analyzed.

RESULTS

A comprehensive update on microcirculation and microstructural changes of the macula using OCT-A after RRD repair may indicate potential factors of functional outcomes in clinical practice.

CONCLUSION

A review of the existing literature sheds light on the microvascular changes of the macular capillary plexus that may significantly affect functional outcomes after RRD surgery. The current article discusses important aspects of key publications on the topic, highlights the importance of long-term effectiveness of these possible prognostic factors and proposes the need for further future research.

Dealing with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients under 40 years old: a tertiary center results

PURPOSE

The risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) increases with age, but some studies report a secondary peak in younger patients. Since visual recovery in RRD depends on surgical treatment and, considering the personal, social and economic burden of low vision in the working-age population, our purpose was to analyze the features and outcomes of RRD in young patients.

METHODS

Clinical data of patients under 40 years old submitted to surgery for first time RRD, consecutively selected between 2016 and 2019, was analyzed. Patients with less than 3 months follow-up were excluded.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine eyes from 89 patients were included. Mean age was 31.2 ± 7.8 years (minimum 10 years) and 56% were female gender. Most patients (63%) had high myopia. Pars plana vitrectomy (79%) alone, combined with scleral buckling (1%) or scleral buckling alone (20%) was performed. Primary anatomical success was 72%, and final anatomical success was 91%. Final visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 29% of cases, but 28% remained under 20/400. The presence of myopia (p = 0.022), localized RRD (p = 0.007) and attached macula at presentation (p < 0.001) was associated with a better final visual acuity.

CONCLUSION

Management of RRD in young patients must be thorough. In younger patients, anatomical outcomes may be worse than in older patients. Myopia may be recognized as a major risk factor for RRD in this age group, but also as a protective factor for retinal function after surgery.

A possible strategic role of air during pars plana vitrectomy for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM

To evaluate the advantages and safety of vitrectomy under air for treating macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

METHODS

Consecutive patients with macula-involving RRD who underwent vitrectomy under air were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were: age, gender, eye, lens status, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), axial length, intraocular pressure (IOP). RRD parameters were: RRD extent, retinal breaks number. Surgical data were: cataract surgery, tamponade used. Postoperative parameters were: BCVA, IOP at first, third, sixth month, recurrent RD, incidence of retinal folds, subretinal fluid (SRF) persistence, macular displacement.

RESULTS

Seventy-one eyes (71 patients) were recruited. Cataract surgery was performed in 32 of 45 phakic patients. The tamponade used was: sulfur hexafluoride 18% (41), silicon oil (SO) (26), high-density SO (4). BCVA improved significantly from baseline (1.2 ± 0.4 logMAR) to the last control (0.8 ± 0.7 logMAR) (P = 0.03285). Recurrent RD incidence was 14.1%. Postoperative complications were: retinal folds (2), SRF persistence (3), macular displacement (2).

CONCLUSION

Vitrectomy under air is a safe alternative technique for treating macula-involving RRD. Vitrectomy under air allows surgeon to remove accurately the vitreous from the peripheral retina and facilitates the removal of SRF reducing the complications related to its postoperative persistence.

Sequential restoration of external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone after intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy in diabetic macular oedema

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To study the mechanism of restoration of retinal photoreceptor ellipsoid zone (EZ), after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) therapy, in diabetic macular oedema (DMO).

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Forty-four consecutive patients aged 40-65 years having type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with DMO were prospectively recruited for IVB therapy. It comprised of three doses (1.25 mg in 0.05 ml) of IVB at monthly intervals. Patients with other ocular and systemic diseases affecting retinal vessels and earlier ophthalmological interventions were excluded. Visual acuity (logMAR VA) was recorded. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed pre and post intervention. Central sub-foveal thickness (CST) and grades of disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), external limiting membrane (ELM) and EZ were assessed. Data were statistically analysed on SPSS software. Clinical trials registry: CTRI/2019/03/018135.

RESULTS

Mean logMAR VA decreased after IVB therapy from 1.78 ± 0.07 pre-intervention to 0.42 ± 0.05 post intervention (p < 0.001). Similarly, CST reduced from 354.23 ± 15.0 µm pre-intervention to 233.18 ± 7.88 µm post intervention (p < 0.001). Among qualitative variables, DRIL decreased from 93.2% pre-intervention to 13.6% post intervention. Likewise, global ELM disruption reduced from 81.8 to 9.1% and global EZ disruption reduced from 79.5 to 11.4%. ELM restoration preceded EZ restoration.

CONCLUSION

Anti-VEGF therapy restores the barrier effect of ELM. It causes ELM to restore first followed by EZ restoration in DMO.