Multiwalled carbon nanotube-4-tert-butyl calix[6]arene composite electrochemical sensor for clenbuterol hydrochloride determination by means of differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry

Nanosensors: A smart remedy for early detection of clenbuterol contamination in food

Veterinary drugs which are primarily meant for livestock treatment have now been categorised under potential food contaminant due to its unregulated usage and abuse. Their over usage by animal workers lead to production of contaminated animal-based food products which contain veterinary drug residues. These drugs are also misused as growth promoters to enhance the muscle to fat ratio in human body. This review highlights the misuse of such a veterinary drug; Clenbuterol. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the usage of nanosensors to detect clenbuterol in food samples. Colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, SERS and electrochemiluminescence are major categories of nanosensors that have been utilized for this purpose. The mechanism through which these nanosensors detect clenbuterol have been discussed in detail. The limit of detection and recovery percentage values of each nanosensor have been compared. This review will impart significant information on various nanosensors for clenbuterol detection in real samples.

Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review

The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.

Synthesis and application of 0D/2D nanocomposite for the nanomolar level detection of antiandrogen drug

In this work, Sr@FeNi-S nanostructures were synthesized through chemical approach. The as synthesized nanostructures were explored for the fabrication of a nanocomposite based potentiometric flutamide (FLU) sensor. A conducting graphene...

Simultaneous Detection of Multiple β-Adrenergic Agonists with 2-Directional Lateral Flow Strip Platform

Clenbuterol (CL), salbutamol (SAL) and ractopamine (RAC) are the three common β-adrenergic agonists, which are the main hazards in food safety and affect human health through the food chain. A convenient and efficient method is urgently required to perform on-site detection of multiple β-adrenergic agonists to avoid frequent poisoning incidents. In this paper, a 2-directional lateral flow strip technique (2-directional LFS) is developed for rapid and simultaneous detection of CL, SAL and RAC with single sampling. Compared to the conventional lateral flow strip, this 2-directional LFS technique can realize simultaneous detection of three or more target analytes without any change of intrinsic simplicity of LFS. Furthermore, this 2-directional LFS can effectively avoid the potential intrinsic cross-reactivity among the reagents to analogues. Under the optimized conditions, CL, SAL and RAC were all successfully determined with satisfactory results in both buffer and urine samples with the detection limit as low as 0.5 ng/mL. This 2-directional LFS technique can revolutionize the commercial single-analyte LFS products and can effectively widen the applications of the classic LFS in various fields.

A highly stable black phosphorene nanocomposite for voltammetric detection of clenbuterol

A nanocomposite was prepared from graphene-like two-dimensional black phosphorene (BP, an allotrope of phosphorus) and nafion (Nf) treated with isopropanol (IP). A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with this nanocomposite was found to be a viable sensor for voltammetric determination of clenbuterol (CLB). Unlike previously reported pure BP, the BP nanocomposite was stable towards water and oxygen. Its morphology, structure, electrochemically active surface area and electrochemical stability were investigated. The BP-Nf (IP) modified GCE displayed good electrochemical stability and electrocatalytic capacity with a low working potential of 0.94 V (vs. SCE), excellent peak current response for CLB in a linear concentration range of 0.06-24 μM with a detection limit of 3.7 nM (3σ/m) and a sensitivity of 0.14 μA·μM^-1·cm^-2 under optimal conditions. A sensing mechanism for the electro-oxidation of CLB was suggested and verified by density functional theory calculations under imitation of aqueous solution conditions. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of CLB in bovine meat and bovine serum samples. Graphical abstract Highly-stable black phosphorene (BP) nanocomposite based on Nafion (Nf) was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). It is shonw to be a viable electrochemical platform for sensitive voltammetric determination of trace clenbuterol (CLB) in bovine beef and bovine serum.

S. B. An electrochemical sensing platform for trace recognition and detection of an anti-prostate cancer drug flutamide in biological samples

Systematic illustration of electrode fabrication.

Highly sensitive fluorescent probe for clenbuterol hydrochloride detection based on its catalytic oxidation of eosine Y by NaIO4

A highly sensitive fluorescent probe for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLB) detection has been first designed based on its catalytic effect on NaIO4 oxidating eosine Y (R). And this environment-friendly, simple, rapid, selective and sensitive fluorescent probe has been utilized to detect CLB in the practical samples with the results consisting with those obtained by GC/MS. The structures of R and CLB were characterized by infrared spectra. The mechanism of the proposed assay for the detection of CLB was also discussed.

Melamine functionalized silver nanoparticles as the probe for electrochemical sensing of clenbuterol

Clenbuterol, a member of β-agonist family, has now been a serious threat to human health due to its illegal usage in the livestock feeding. Herein, we describe the application of melamine functionalized silver nanoparticles (M-AgNPs) as the electrochemical probe for simple, fast, highly sensitive and selective detection of clenbuterol. Generally, AgNPs are prepared and functionalized by melamine. After interacting with melamine modified gold electrode in the presence of clenbuterol, M-AgNPs can be immobilized on the surface of the electrode via the hydrogen-bonding interactions between clenbuterol and melamine. This sandwich structure permits sensitive and selective detection of clenbuterol. Since M-AgNPs can provide a couple of well-defined sharp silver stripping peaks, which stands for a highly characteristic solid-state Ag/AgCl reaction, a rather low detection limit of 10 pM can be achieved. The detection range is from 10 pM to 100 nM, which is quite wide. This developed biosensor can potentially be used for clenbuterol detection in biological fluids in the presence of various interferences.