A novel electrochemical DNA-sensing nanoplatform based on supramolecular ionic liquids grafted on nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels

A Review: New Trends in Electrode Systems for Sensitive Drug and Biomolecule Analysis

Drug and biomolecule analysis with high precision, fast response, not expensive, and user-friendly methods have been very important for developing technology and clinical applications. Electrochemical methods are highly capable for assaying the concentration of electroactive drug or biomolecule and supply excellent knowledge concerning its physical and chemical properties such as electron transfer rates, diffusion coefficients, electron transfer number, and oxidation potential. Electrochemical methods have been widely applied because of their accuracy, sensitivity, cheapness, and can applied on-site determinations of various substances. The progress on electronics has allowed developing reliable, more sensitive and less expensive instrumentations, which have significant contribution in the area of drug development, drug and biomolecule analysis. The developing new sensors for electrochemical analysis of these compounds have growing interest in recent years. Screen-printed based electrodes have a great interest in electrochemical analysis of various drugs and biomolecules due to their easy manufacturing procedure of the electrode allow the transfer of electrochemical laboratory experiments for disposable on-site analysis of some compounds. Paper based electrodes are also fabricated by new technology. They can be preferred due to their easy, cheap, portable, disposable, and offering high sensitivity properties for many application field such as environmental monitoring, food quality control, clinical diagnosis, drug, and biomolecules analysis. In this review, the recent electrochemical drug and biomolecule (DNA, RNA, µRNA, Biomarkers, etc.) studies will be presented that involve new trend disposable electrodes.

Nitrogen doped nanographene structures; study on the adsorption of nucleobases, nucleotides, and their triphosphate derivatives using mixed docking, MD, and QM/MM approaches

The interactions of the nucleobases, nucleotides, and their triphosphate derivatives in both neutral and anionic forms with the nitrogen doped graphenes (NG) were studied using docking and molecular dynamic simulation methods. In docking studies, based on binding energy results, the anionic species and nucleobases were showing the most and the least tendency toward the surface of the NG, respectively. The molecular mechanic/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area results revealed similar results, except for the anionic species; in these studies, the anionic species showed a lesser affinity toward the NG. The time-dependent density functional theory studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the NG on the electronic nature of the investigated ligands; a red-shift in all of the cases was observed. The results of binding energy decomposition and atoms in molecules studies showed that the interactions are van der Waals in nature. The graphitic, pyridinic, and pyrrolic nitrogen atoms which were considered in this study behaved similar to each other.