Attentional Biases and their Push and Pull with Rumination and Co-Rumination is Based on Depressive Symptoms: a Prospective Study of Adolescents

Gender differences in co-rumination and transition shock among nursing interns in China: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that co-rumination and transition shocks significantly influence effective communication in clinical practice. However, previous research has not sufficiently explored the specific relationships between these two characteristics and their gender differences among nursing interns.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the states of co-rumination and transition shock among current nursing interns during clinical placements, as well as to determine whether gender differences affect these two traits and how exploiting such differences can improve nurses' co-rumination.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study design was adopted. We gathered data from a convenient sample of 505 nursing interns from a grade A tertiary hospital in Anhui, China. This study included Data collected using the Co-Rumination Questionnaire (CRQ-9) and Transition Shock Scale for Undergraduate Nursing Students (UNSTS). The data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical multiple linear regression.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in UNSTS scores between male and female nursing interns, but male nursing interns had lower CRQ-9 scores (P < 0.05). This study found that Transition Shock was the most critical factor influencing Co-Rumination variation for male and female nursing interns during clinical practice through hierarchical multiple regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Gender differences are reflected not only in the level of co-rumination but also in the relationships between co-rumination and transition shock. Nursing educators should be aware of how gender differences can affect these two traits; this is particularly important for improving the mental health problems of nursing interns based on students' aptitudes.

Co-Rumination as a Moderator Between Best-Friend Support and Adolescent Psychological Distress

INTRODUCTION

Co-rumination, characterized by excessively discussing problems and dwelling on negative affect within a dyadic friendship, has been associated with adolescents' symptoms of depression, anxiety and perceived stress-collectively referred to as psychological distress. This study explored whether co-rumination moderates the association between perceived best friend support and psychological distress.

METHODS

The study included 187 adolescents (52.9% girls; 88.0% Dutch ethnic background) recruited from two cohorts between March 2017 and July 2019. Assessments took place at two time points: symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress were assessed via self-report measures at the final grade of primary school (T1; Mage = 11.8 years) and in secondary school (T2; Mage = 13.3 years). Co-rumination and perceived best friend support were measured via self-report in secondary school.

RESULTS

Findings indicate that best friend support was associated with lower psychological distress and conversely, co-rumination was associated with higher psychological distress while adjusting for prior distress symptoms. Moderation analysis revealed that moderate levels of co-rumination (relative to the samples mean) decreased the positive effects of perceived best friend support on symptoms of depression (B = 0.06, SE = 0.03, 95% CI [0.00, 0.11], p = 0.05, β = 0.11) and perceived stress (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.03, 0.08], p = 0.000, β = 0.10). At very high levels of co-rumination (relative to the samples mean), best friend support exacerbates perceived stress.

DISCUSSION

This study underscores the potential negative impact of co-rumination in supportive peer relationships and recommends promoting awareness of the risk of co-rumination while building a repertoire of (dyadic)emotion regulation strategies.

The Relationship Between Co-rumination and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Numerous studies have explored the link between co-rumination and depressive symptoms, but a consensus remains elusive. This study proposes a dual-pathway model to explain this relationship through a "positive path" (adaptive response) and a "negative path" (distress response). It also conducts a meta-analysis to evaluate the exact association between co-rumination and depressive symptoms in children, adolescents, and young adults. A total of 66 studies (27,794 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. In this study, the main effect test revealed a significant positive correlation between co-rumination and depressive symptoms (n = 70; r = 0.128; 95% CI = 0.106 to 0.150). Moreover, age was found to be a significant moderator. Specifically, the association between co-rumination and depressive symptoms was weaker in adolescents compared to undergraduates and adults. In addition, measure of co-rumination was identified as an important moderator, showing marginal significance. The association was stronger when using the original Co-Rumination Questionnaire compared to other versions and code methods. Finally, the relationship between co-rumination and depressive symptoms was not moderated by gender, measure of depressive symptoms, publication year, study quality, or simple size. The current study reveals the positive association between co-rumination and depressive symptoms while highlighting both the positive and negative trade-offs of co-rumination.

Dimensions of early life adversity and cognitive processing of emotion in youth

BACKGROUND

Early life adversity (ELA) is a leading risk factor for psychopathology. The Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology (DMAP) elucidates processes altered by ELA and central to this association. Specifically, DMAP posits early experiences of deprivation alter cognitive and emotional processes in ways distinct from early experiences of threat. While evidence suggests that deprivation and threat predict alterations in cognitive and emotional processes, respectively, the influence of these dimensions on cognitive processing across emotionally valenced material remains unexamined.

OBJECTIVE

This work is the first to investigate associations of deprivation versus threat on cognitive processing of multiple emotions (happy, sad, angry, and neutral facial expressions) and the time course of processing in a sample of youth.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

Eighty-two youth (48.80 % female, Mage = 12.85) were recruited from Vancouver.

METHODS

Deprivation and threat were measured using the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children (TESI-C), an interview-based measure assessing the instance and severity of 30+ experiences of ELA. Cognitive processing was measured using the Affective Posner Task, which assesses attentional biases and raw reaction times for happy, sad, angry, and neutral facial expressions.

RESULTS

Interestingly, experiences of deprivation were associated with early attentional processing deficits regardless of valence, rs ≥ 0.22, ps ≤ 0.046, whereas experiences of threat were associated with late attentional biases for emotional material, Bs ≥ |4.15|, ps ≤ 0.036.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings advance theoretical models of ELA by elucidating the nature and time course of cognitive and emotional alterations following deprivation and threat, and, if replicated, suggest the importance of cognitive processing of emotion in early interventions.

Mindfulness-based intervention reduce interference of negative stimuli to working memory in individuals with subclinical depression: A randomized controlled fMRI study

Background

Individuals with subclinical depression are prone to major depression and experience emotional responses and attentional biases to negative stimuli.

Method

In a randomized controlled study (N = 42) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) combining loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on a group with subclinical depression compared with the relaxation group across emotional face n-back (EFNBACK) tasks and resting state. We also collected behavioral and self-reported data to confirm neurocognitive results.

Results

During EFNBACK, the MBCT+LKM group showed greater activation in the left lingual gyrus and right inferior lateral occipital cortex. During rest, the MBCT+LKM group demonstrated increased connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex and right inferior lateral occipital cortex, right anterior insula and left precentral gyrus. From amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) data, activity in brain regions associated with cognitive control decreased and activity in brain regions associated with sensorimotor increased.

Conclusion

These results suggest that MBCT+LKM alleviate depression for subclinical individuals through improving executive function when they face negative stimuli.

Effectiveness of a blended school-based mindfulness program for the prevention of co-rumination and internalizing problems in Dutch secondary school girls: a cluster randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

A growing body of literature indicates that adolescent girls who talk with close friends about interpersonal problems or worries in an excessive, speculative way, and with an intense focus on distress (i.e., co-rumination) are at heightened risk for developing internalizing symptoms and disorders as well as reduced friendship quality. However, to date, there are no prevention programs available that target high levels of co-rumination between adolescent girls. As such, we developed the blended school-based mindfulness prevention program Happy Friends, Positive Minds (HFPM) that targets co-rumination at the dyadic level, i.e., between two close female friends. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of HFPM to reduce co-rumination and internalizing problems and to enhance wellbeing and social-emotional behavior in Dutch adolescent girls.

METHODS

A cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (cRCT) will be conducted to evaluate HFPM effectiveness. We will recruit 160 female friendship dyads (n = 320 girls) aged 13 to 15 years who will be characterized by high levels of self-reported co-rumination. The cRCT has two arms: (1) an intervention condition in which 160 girls (80 friendship dyads) will receive the 14-week HFPM program in two consecutive cohorts (cohort 1 in academic year 2023/2024 and cohort 2 in academic year 2024/2025, and (2) a control condition in which 160 girls (80 dyads) will receive care-as-usual (CAU) in two consecutive cohorts (cohort 1 in academic year 2023/2024 and cohort 2 in academic year 2024/2025). Data will be collected at baseline (T0), during the program (T1;T2; T3), immediately after the program (T4), and at 1-year follow-up (T5). Participant-level self-reported risk for (early onset) depression and anxiety, self-reported and observed co-rumination, self- and friend-reported friendship quality, self-reported positive and negative affect, self-reported interpersonal responses to positive affect, and self-reported anhedonia symptoms will be the outcome variables.

DISCUSSION

This study will provide insights into the short-term and long-term effects of the HFPM program on girls' internalizing problems, wellbeing, and social-emotional behavior.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials, identifier: ISRCTN54246670. Registered on 27 February 2023.

Interpersonal Factors, Peer Relationship Stressors, and Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Compared to boys, girls value close relationships more. Thus, heightened affiliative proclivities may serve as a particularly salient psychosocial risk factor for depression in adolescent girls. The purpose of this review is to examine whether the preponderance of depression in girls is because of gender differences in interpersonal vulnerabilities and peer relationship stressors and/or in the associations between these factors and depression.

RECENT FINDINGS

Girls (vs. boys) exhibit higher levels of co-rumination and affective empathy, but not excessive reassurance-seeking. The prevalence of different forms of peer relationship stressors (e.g., peer victimization) varies by gender depending on the specific type. Evidence is mixed regarding gender differences in the association between peer victimization and depression. Gender differences in the association between peer victimization and depression not only depend on peer victimization subtype but also on the country. Most studies were conducted in non-clinical samples, highlighting the need for future research to assess major depressive disorder (not just depressive symptoms). Future research should also assess interpersonal factors (e.g., co-rumination) and peer relationship stressors together.