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Nunes ACV, Trevisan CM, Peluso C, Loureiro FA, Dias AT, Rincon D, Fonseca FLA, Christofolini DM, Laganà AS, Montagna E, Barbosa CP, Bianco B. Low and High-Normal FMR1 Triplet Cytosine, Guanine Guanine Repeats Affect Ovarian Reserve and Fertility in Women Who Underwent In Vitro Fertilization Treatment? Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38888596 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mutations in the 5' untranslated region of FMR1 are associated with infertility. Premutation alleles interfere with prenatal development and increase infertility risks. The number of CGG repeats that causes the highest decrease in ovarian reserves remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of FMR1 CGG repeat lengths on ovarian reserves and in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment outcomes in 272 women with alleles within the normal range. FMR1 CGG repeat length was investigated via PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Alleles were classified as low-normal, normal, and high-normal. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were measured, and antral follicles (AFC) were counted. IVF outcomes were collected from medical records. Regarding FMR1 CGG repeat length alleles, 63.2% of women presented at least one low-normal allele. Those carrying low-normal alleles had significantly lower AMH levels than women carrying normal or high-normal alleles. Low-normal/low-normal genotype was the most frequent, followed by low-normal/normal and normal/normal. A comparison of ovarian reserve markers and reproductive outcomes of the three most frequent genotypes revealed that AFC in the low-normal/normal genotype was significantly lower than the low-normal/low-normal genotype. The low number of FMR1 CGG repeats affected AMH levels and AFC but not IVF outcomes per cycle of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Martins Trevisan
- Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Carla Peluso
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Population Genetics, Department of Public Health, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Flavia Althman Loureiro
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Population Genetics, Department of Public Health, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Rincon
- Department of Scientific Advice, CITOGEM Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Discipline of Clinical Analysis, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria Christofolini
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Population Genetics, Department of Public Health, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Department of Human Reproduction and Genetics, Instituto Ideia Fértil, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Erik Montagna
- Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Caio Parente Barbosa
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Population Genetics, Department of Public Health, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Discipline of Clinical Analysis, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Bianca Bianco
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Population Genetics, Department of Public Health, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Discipline of Clinical Analysis, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
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Villa PA, Lainez NM, Jonak CR, Berlin SC, Ethell IM, Coss D. Altered GnRH neuron and ovarian innervation characterize reproductive dysfunction linked to the Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein ( Fmr1) gene mutation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129534. [PMID: 36909303 PMCID: PMC9992745 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene cause Fragile X Syndrome, the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability. Mutations of FMR1 are also associated with reproductive disorders, such as early cessation of reproductive function in females. While progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of mental impairment, the causes of reproductive disorders are not clear. FMR1-associated reproductive disorders were studied exclusively from the endocrine perspective, while the FMR1 role in neurons that control reproduction was not addressed. Results Here, we demonstrate that similar to women with FMR1 mutations, female Fmr1 null mice stop reproducing early. However, young null females display larger litters, more corpora lutea in the ovaries, increased inhibin, progesterone, testosterone, and gonadotropin hormones in the circulation. Ovariectomy reveals both hypothalamic and ovarian contribution to elevated gonadotropins. Altered mRNA and protein levels of several synaptic molecules in the hypothalamus are identified, indicating reasons for hypothalamic dysregulation. Increased vascularization of corpora lutea, higher sympathetic innervation of growing follicles in the ovaries of Fmr1 nulls, and higher numbers of synaptic GABAA receptors in GnRH neurons, which are excitatory for GnRH neurons, contribute to increased FSH and LH, respectively. Unmodified and ovariectomized Fmr1 nulls have increased LH pulse frequency, suggesting that Fmr1 nulls exhibit hyperactive GnRH neurons, regardless of the ovarian feedback. Conclusion These results reveal Fmr1 function in the regulation of GnRH neuron secretion, and point to the role of GnRH neurons, in addition to the ovarian innervation, in the etiology of Fmr1-mediated reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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Moiseeva AV, Kudryavtseva VA, Nikolenko VN, Gevorgyan MM, Unanyan AL, Bakhmet AA, Sinelnikov MY. Genetic determination of the ovarian reserve: a literature review. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:102. [PMID: 34362406 PMCID: PMC8349022 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovarian reserve is one of the most important indicators of female fertility. It allows for the evaluation of the number of viable oocytes. This parameter is actively used in pregnancy planning and in assisted reproductive technology application, as it determines chances of successful fertilization and healthy pregnancy. Due to increased attention towards diagnostic tests evaluating the ovarian reserve, there has been a growing interest in factors that influence the state of the ovarian reserve. True reasons for pathological changes in the ovarian reserve and volume have not yet been explored in depth, and current diagnostic screening methods often fall short in efficacy. In the following review we analyze existing data relating to the study of the ovarian reserve through genetic testing, determining specific characteristics of the ovarian reserve through genetic profiling. We explore existing studies dedicated to finding specific genetic targets influencing the state of the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Sechenov University, Mohovaya 11c10, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ara L Unanyan
- Sechenov University, Mohovaya 11c10, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- Sechenov University, Mohovaya 11c10, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Age of natural menopause onset in BRCA1/2 carriers - systematic review and meta-analysis. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2021; 19:171-173. [PMID: 33488327 PMCID: PMC7812531 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Germinal pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with high risk of cancers, including breast, ovary, fallopian tubes and primary peritoneal. Non-oncological implications of germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, complicating reproductive health are less described. The influence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 on age of natural menopause remains inconclusive and controversial. Material and methods PubMed database was searched for potentially relevant abstracts. Studies which were not case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies were subsequently excluded. Reference lists from systematic reviews or meta-analyses, dealing with the topic of menopause and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germinal pathogenic variants, were also checked to identify eligible studies. We also included our original, unpublished data from families, affected by BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant, consisted of at least two postmenopausal female siblings with differing variant status. Results and conclusions Initial database search retrieved 193 abstracts. We identified 4 eligible studies for meta-analysis. Two studies not reporting dispersion measures and not reporting age of natural menopause in control group were left in summary for illustrational purposes, yet were excluded from meta-analysis. 4 studies and our original, unpublished data, combining data from 1535 germinal BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers and 3191 control individuals, did not support the hypothesis of association between germinal pathogenic variants of “breast cancer genes” and premature menopause.
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Komaravalli PL, Rani S V, Dalal A, Jahan P. Association analysis of FMR1 genetic variants and primary ovarian insufficiency in South Indian women with a novel approach of CGG repeats classification. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104081. [PMID: 33039683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Around 20-28% of FMR1gene CGG premutation (PM) carriers are at augmented risk towards an infertility related disorder, Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Except the effect of CGG repeats, reports are not available on the mechanism through which the cis-acting variations, namely, SNPs involved in POI susceptibility. Addressing the hypothesis that the FMR1 gene polymorphisms [CGG repeats, rs25731(T > A) and rs4949(A > G)] might increase their individual and combined impact in disease predisposition, we tested the genetic variants in 200 south Indian DNA samples consists of 100 patients and 100 healthy volunteers. We used gene scan method to score the CGG repeat length, and ARMS and RFLP methods to genotype the SNPs. Only 0.5% of each Gray zone and PM alleles were found among patient group, however, no disease association was noticed with repeat length. The rs25731 showed protection [OR:0.32; (0.13-0.76), p = 0.006] and rs4949 reported a 2.5-fold risk towards the disease predisposition [OR:2.46; (1.06-5.74), p = 0.031] but, both found insignificant after Bonferroni correction was done under different Genetic Models. Novel classification of genotype combinations, 'Normal&Variant Homozygote' [OR:2.89,(1.12-7.9), p < 0.05] and 'Allele2-T-G' haplotype block (6%vs.1%, p = 0.08) were noticed to be at marginal risk for POI. We demonstrated a susceptible role of the combined effect of variant allele-G and Allele-2 (repeat allele outside the normal range) for FXPOI. To support our findings of its first kind, further studies with large samples are warranted in understanding the role of FMR1 genetic variants in FXPOI etio-pathophysiology, the outcome might help in providing better reproductive treatment options for females, who are at risk for FXPOI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasantha Rani S
- Human and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana state, 500039, India
| | - Ashwin Dalal
- Human and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana state, 500039, India
| | - Parveen Jahan
- School of Sciences, Moulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, Telangana state, 500032, India.
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Ma Y, Wei X, Pan H, Wang S, Wang X, Liu X, Zou L, Wang X, Wang X, Yang H, Wang F, Wang K, Sun L, Qiao X, Yang Y, Ma X, Liu D, Ding G, Ma J, Yang X, Zhu S, Qi Y, Yin C. The prevalence of CGG repeat expansion mutation in FMR1 gene in the northern Chinese women of reproductive age. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:81. [PMID: 31096929 PMCID: PMC6521407 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of CGG repeat expansion mutation in FMR1 gene varies among different populations. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of this mutation in women of reproductive age from northern China. METHODS A total of 11,891 pre-conceptional or pregnant women, including 5037 pregnant women and 7357 women with the history of spontaneous abortion or induced abortion due to delayed growth of the embryos, were recruited. The number of CGG repeats in FMR1 was measured by the TRP-PCR method. We also offered genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis to the women carrying pre-mutation or full mutation alleles. RESULTS The prevalence of pre-mutation in reproductive women in northern China was 1/410, higher than that in southern China and Korea but lower than that in western countries. We also found that the prevalence of pre-mutation was relatively high (1/320) in women with abortion history. CONCLUSION Screening for CGG repeat expansion mutation in FMR1 should be recommended to the women with the history of spontaneous abortion or induced abortion due to delayed growth of the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Ma
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Beijing Huanuo Aomei Gene Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Liying Zou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fengying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kefang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lifang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Xiaolin Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 100025, China
| | - Xiuhua Ma
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, People's Hospital of Beijing Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Changping Hospital, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Guifeng Ding
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Xinjiang Urumqi City Maternal and Child Care Health Hospital, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Junqi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Sainan Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Farquhar CM, Bhattacharya S, Repping S, Mastenbroek S, Kamath MS, Marjoribanks J, Boivin J. Female subfertility. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:7. [PMID: 30679436 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Subfertility is common and affects one in six couples, half of whom lack an explanation for their delay in conceiving. Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of subfertility over the past 50 years have been truly remarkable. Indeed, current generations of couples with subfertility are more fortunate than previous generations, as they have many more opportunities to become parents. The timely access to effective treatment for subfertility is important as many couples have a narrow window of opportunity before the age-related effects of subfertility limit the likelihood of success. Assisted reproduction can overcome the barriers to fertility caused by tubal disease and low sperm count, but little progress has been made in reducing the effect of increasing age on ovarian function. The next 5-10 years will likely see further increases in birth rates in women with subfertility, a greater awareness of lifestyle factors and a possible refinement of current assisted reproduction techniques and the development of new ones. Such progress will bring challenging questions regarding the potential benefits and harms of treatments involving germ cell manipulation, artificial gametes, genetic screening of embryos and gene editing of embryos. We hope to see a major increase in fertility awareness, access to safe and cost-effective fertility care in low-income countries and a reduction in the current disparity of access to fertility care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Farquhar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Siladitya Bhattacharya
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sjoerd Repping
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development research institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Mastenbroek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development research institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohan S Kamath
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jane Marjoribanks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacky Boivin
- School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common reasons for intellectual disability (ID). First described in the 1940s, it took many years to understand the disease. The awe-inspiring breakthroughs in both science and technology facilitated the recognition of the unique inheritance pattern and the genetic mechanism of fragile X. In this chapter we describe the history and evolution of our understanding of FXS as mirrored by advances in genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Reches
- Genetic Institute and Racine IVF Unit at Lis Maternity Hospital Tel Aviv, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Ciaccio C, Fontana L, Milani D, Tabano S, Miozzo M, Esposito S. Fragile X syndrome: a review of clinical and molecular diagnoses. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:39. [PMID: 28420439 PMCID: PMC5395755 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the second cause of intellectual disability after Down syndrome and the most prevalent cause of intellectual disability in males, affecting 1:5000–7000 men and 1:4000–6000 women. It is caused by an alteration of the FMR1 gene, which maps at the Xq27.3 band: more than 99% of individuals have a CGG expansion (>200 triplets) in the 5′ UTR of the gene, and FMR1 mutations and duplication/deletion are responsible for the remaining (<1%) molecular diagnoses of FXS. The aim of this review was to gather the current clinical and molecular knowledge about FXS to provide clinicians with a tool to guide the initial assessment and follow-up of FXS and to offer to laboratory workers and researchers an update about the current diagnostic procedures. Discussion FXS is a well-known condition; however, most of the studies thus far have focused on neuropsychiatric features. Unfortunately, some of the available studies have limitations, such as the paucity of patients enrolled or bias due to the collection of the data in a single-country population, which may be not representative of the average global FXS population. In recent years, insight into the adult presentation of the disease has progressively increased. Pharmacological treatment of FXS is essentially symptom based, but the growing understanding of the molecular and biological mechanisms of the disease are paving the way to targeted therapy, which may reverse the effects of FMRP deficiency and be a real cure for the disease itself, not just its symptoms. Conclusions The clinical spectrum of FXS is wide, presenting not only as an isolated intellectual disability but as a multi-systemic condition, involving predominantly the central nervous system but potentially affecting any apparatus. Given the relative high frequency of the condition and its complex clinical management, FXS appears to have an important economic and social burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ciaccio
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Loc. S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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The expanding and contracting roles of the genome in regulation of the ovarian reserve. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:1121-2. [PMID: 27535836 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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