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Espinoza-Montero PJ, Montero-Jiménez M, Fernández L, Paz JL, Piñeiros JL, Ceballos SM. In vitro wearing away of orthodontic brackets and wires in different conditions: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10560. [PMID: 36325428 PMCID: PMC9621092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The release of metallic ions from orthodontic
brackets and wires typically depends on their quality (chemical composition) and
the medium to which they are exposed, e.g., acidic, alkaline, substances with a
high fluoride concentration, etc. This review examines corrosion and wear of
orthodontic brackets, wires, and arches exposed to different media, including:
beverages (juices), mouthwashes and artificial saliva among others, and the
possible health effects resulting from the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Objective This review aims to determine the exposure
conditions that cause the most wear on orthodontic devices, as well as the
possible health effects that can be caused by the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Sources A search was carried out in the Scopus database,
for articles related to oral media that can corrode brackets and wires. The
initial research resulted in 8,127 documents, after applying inclusion and
exclusion criteria, 76 articles remained. Conclusion Stainless steel, which is commonly used in
orthodontic devices, is the material that suffers the most wear. It was also
found that acidic pH, alcohols, fluorides, and chlorides worsen orthodontic
material corrosion. Further, nickel released from brackets and wires can cause
allergic reactions and gingival overgrowth into patients.
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Chen G, Liu J, Dong Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Cao J. Understanding mechanisms of shape memory function deterioration for nitinol alloy during non-equilibrium solidification by electron beam. J Adv Res 2021; 33:99-108. [PMID: 34603781 PMCID: PMC8463961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As an important advanced functional material, the memory effect of nitinol shape memory alloy (SMA) is the focus of research. According to the current research, the memory function of the alloy decreases after welding, and there is no sufficient explanation for the phenomenon. Objectives For the problem, this research is to explore the underlying causes of the decrease of shape memory function after welding by analyzing the microstructure and micro defects. Methods The vacuum electron beam welding tests of 1 mm thick Ni50Ti50 alloy plate was carried out to determine the appropriate welding process parameter. And the shape memory function of the welded joint was compared with that of the base metal to analyze the change of memory function. Results It was found that the shape memory function of the welded joint decreased significantly under different strain variables. And the phase transition temperature also changed. Conclusions This was due to the micro stress field produced by non-equilibrium solidification in molten pool promoted the formation and propagation of dislocations, increasing the dislocation density in the martensite. Dislocations entangled with each other in the martensite, showing a grid-like distribution, which destroyed the integrity of martensite substructure. At the same time, the twin substructure of martensite was often accompanied by vacancies, dislocations, stacking faults, and a consequently large stress field formed between twin planes due to lattice distortion. Secondary twin was identified inside martensite under micro shear stress, where the martensite showed the bending state. The habitual relationship between martensite phase and parent phase was destroyed, resulting in the decrease of shape memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Junpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhibo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yuxing Zhao
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Binggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
A potential new bactericide treatment for NiTi orthodontic archwires based in the electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles on the surface was studied. Twenty-five archwires were treated by electrodeposition, obtaining nanoparticles of silver embedded on the archwire surface. These were evaluated in order to investigate the possible changes on the superelastic characteristics (critical temperatures and stresses), the nickel ion release, and the bacteria culture behavior. The chemical composition was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy-microanalysis; the singular temperatures of the martensitic transformation were obtained by a flow calorimeter. Induced martensitic transformation stresses were obtained by mechanical testing apparatus. Nickel ion release was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) equipment using artificial saliva solution at 37 °C. Bacterial tests were studied with the most used oral bacterial strains: Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus salivarius. NiTi samples were immersed in bacterial suspensions for 2 h at 37 °C. Adhered bacteria were separated and seeded on agar plates: Tood-Hewitt (TH) and Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) for S. sanguinis and for L.salivarius, respectively. These were then incubated at 37 °C for 1 day and the colonies were analyzed. The results showed that the transformation temperatures and the critical stresses have not statistically significant differences. Likewise, nickel ion release at different immersion times in saliva at 37 °C does not present changes between the original and treated with silver nanoparticles archwires. Bacteria culture results showed that the reduction of the bacteria due to the presence to the nanoparticles of silver is higher than 90%. Consequently, the new treatment with nanoparticles of silver could be a good candidate as bactericidic orthodontic archwire.
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Mesquita TR, Martins LP, Martins RP. Welding strength of NiTi wires. Dental Press J Orthod 2019; 23:58-62. [PMID: 30088566 PMCID: PMC6072447 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.22.3.058-062.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the appropriate power level for electric welding of three commercial brands of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires. Methods: Ninety pairs of 0.018-in and 0.017 × 0.025-in NiTi wires were divided into three groups according to their manufacturers - GI (Orthometric, Marília, Brazil), GII (3M OralCare, St. Paul, CA) and GIII (GAC,York, PA) - and welded by electrical resistance. Each group was divided into subgroups of 5 pairs of wires, in which welding was done with different power levels. In GI and GII, power levels of 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5 were used, while in GIII 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 were used (each unit of power of the welding machine representing 500W). The pairs of welded wires underwent a tensile strength test on an universal testing machine until rupture and the maximum forces were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests were conducted to determine which subgroup within each brand group had the greatest resistance to rupture. Results: The 2.5 power exhibited the lowest resistance to rupture in all groups (43.75N for GI, 28.41N for GII and 47.57N for GIII) while the 4.0 power provided the highest resistance in GI and GII (97.90N and 99.61N, respectively), while in GIII (79.28N) the highest resistance was achieved with a 3.5 power welding. Conclusions: The most appropriate power for welding varied for each brand, being 4.0 for Orthometric and 3M, and 3.5 for GAC NiTi wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyane Ribeiro Mesquita
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Araraquara/SP, Brazil)
| | - Lídia Parsekian Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Araraquara/SP, Brazil)
| | - Renato Parsekian Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Araraquara/SP, Brazil)
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Kuntz ML, Vadori R, Khan MI. Review of Superelastic Differential Force Archwires for Producing Ideal Orthodontic Forces: an Advanced Technology Potentially Applicable to Orthognathic Surgery and Orthopedics. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:380-386. [PMID: 29926347 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gentle and continuous loads are preferred for optimum orthodontic tooth movement. Nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium developed for the aerospace industry, found its first clinical applications in orthodontics because it has ideal load-deflection behavior. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the criteria for effective orthodontic mechanics relative to emerging Nitinol technology. The specialized materials with variable stiffness that were originally developed for orthodontics are increasingly attractive for in the temporomandibular joint, orthognathic surgery, and orthopedics. RECENT FINDINGS The evolution of orthodontic archwires is driven by a need to achieve low load-deflection characteristics and Nitinol is the alloy of choice. Scientific knowledge of the biological response to orthodontic forces continues to grow, but definitive guidance on optimal force levels for individual teeth is elusive. Finite element models (FEM) that take into account periodontal ligament (PDL) stresses indicate differential force archwires are needed to realize optimal treatment. However, previous wire fabrication methods, including welding of different materials and selective resistive heating, are limited by poor mechanical performance and spatial resolution. Recently, a novel laser processing technique was developed for precisely programing relative levels of stiffness in a single archwire. FEM was used to estimate the optimal force for each tooth by calculating the 3D bone-PDL surface area. There remains a general consensus that light and continuous forces are desirable for orthodontic treatment. New developments in archwire materials and technology have provided the orthodontist with a complete spectrum of load-deflection rates and differential force options to express these forces with maximized archwire economy. These technologies also appear to have application to orthopedic implant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kuntz
- Smarter Alloys Inc., 75 Bathurst Drive, Suite B, Waterloo, Ontario, N2V 1N2, Canada.
| | - Ryan Vadori
- Smarter Alloys Inc., 75 Bathurst Drive, Suite B, Waterloo, Ontario, N2V 1N2, Canada
| | - M Ibraheem Khan
- Smarter Alloys Inc., 75 Bathurst Drive, Suite B, Waterloo, Ontario, N2V 1N2, Canada
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Surface characterizations of laser modified biomedical grade NiTi shape memory alloys. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:367-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Matsunaga J, Watanabe I, Nakao N, Watanabe E, Elshahawy W, Yoshida N. Joining characteristics of titanium-based orthodontic wires connected by laser and electrical welding methods. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:5391. [PMID: 25595723 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility of electrical and laser welding to connect titanium-based alloy (beta-titanium and nickel-titanium) wires and stainless-steel or cobalt-chromium alloy wires for fabrication of combination arch-wires. Four kinds of straight orthodontic rectangular wires (0.017 × 0.025 inch) were used: stainless-steel (S-S), cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), beta-titanium alloy (β-Ti), and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti). Homogeneous and heterogeneous end-to-end joints (15 mm long each) were made by electrical welding and laser welding. Non-welded wires (30 mm long) were also used as a control. Maximum loads at fracture (N) and elongation (%) were measured by conducting tensile test. The data (n = 10) were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance/Tukey test (P < 0.05).The S-S/S-S and Co-Cr/Co-Cr specimens showed significantly higher values of the maximum load (ML) at fracture and elongation (EL) than those of the Ni-Ti/Ni-Ti and β-Ti/β-Ti specimens for electrical welding and those of the S-S/S-S and Co-Cr/Co-Cr specimens welded by laser. On the other hand, the laser-welded Ni-Ti/Ni-Ti and β-Ti/β-Ti specimens exhibited higher values of the ML and EL compared to those of the corresponding specimens welded by electrical method. In the heterogeneously welded combinations, the electrically welded Ni-Ti/S-S, β-Ti/S-S and β-Ti/Co-Cr specimens showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ML and EL than those of the corresponding specimens welded by laser. Electrical welding exhibited the higher values of maximum load at fracture and elongation for heterogeneously welded combinations than laser-welding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsunaga
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
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Gil FJ, Delgado L, Espinar E, Llamas JM. Corrosion and corrosion-fatigue behavior of cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V laser-marked biomaterials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:885-890. [PMID: 22350853 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the influence of laser surface modification treatments on mechanical and electrochemical behavior in Ti and Ti-6Al-4V implants. For each metal, different samples were laser modified simulating the markings according to the international requirements. (It is necessary in each metallic biomaterial to mark the serial, batch and company numbers.) Microstructural changes produced by this treatment were observed: (a) the melting zone with small grain sizes and martensitic structures in above-mentioned metals and (b) the heat-affected zone (HAZ) with alpha phase in cp-Titanium with bigger grain sizes and Widmanstatten structure in Ti-6Al-4V. Positive tensile residual stress was determined by means X-ray analysis in the zones marked by laser. Furthermore, corrosion behavior was studied in a simulated body fluid at 37°C. Pitting was observed in different zones near the HAZ and the results showed a decrease of the corrosion resistance in the laser treated samples. Residual stresses and the martensitic microstructures favoured the decrease of the corrosion-fatigue life around 20% of both metals under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Gil
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Department Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica, ETSEIB, CIBER BBN, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
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Watanabe E, Stigall G, Elshahawy W, Watanabe I. Deflection load characteristics of laser-welded orthodontic wires. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:698-702. [PMID: 22044117 DOI: 10.2319/061411-393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the deflection load characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous joints made by laser welding using various types of orthodontic wires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four kinds of straight orthodontic rectangular wires (0.017 inch × 0.025 inch) were used: stainless-steel (SS), cobalt-chromium-nickel (Co-Cr-Ni), beta-titanium alloy (β-Ti), and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti). Homogeneous and heterogeneous end-to-end joints (12 mm long each) were made by Nd:YAG laser welding. Two types of welding methods were used: two-point welding and four-point welding. Nonwelded wires were also used as a control. Deflection load (N) was measured by conducting the three-point bending test. The data (n = 5) were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance/Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS The deflection loads for control wires measured were as follows: SS: 21.7 ± 0.8 N; Co-Cr-Ni: 20.0 ± 0.3 N; β-Ti: 13.9 ± 1.3 N; and Ni-Ti: 6.6 ± 0.4 N. All of the homogeneously welded specimens showed lower deflection loads compared to corresponding control wires and exhibited higher deflection loads compared to heterogeneously welded combinations. For homogeneous combinations, Co-Cr-Ni/Co-Cr-Ni showed a significantly (P < .05) higher deflection load than those of the remaining homogeneously welded groups. In heterogeneous combinations, SS/Co-Cr-Ni and β-Ti/Ni-Ti showed higher deflection loads than those of the remaining heterogeneously welded combinations (significantly higher for SS/Co-Cr-Ni). Significance (P < .01) was shown for the interaction between the two factors (materials combination and welding method). However, no significant difference in deflection load was found between four-point and two-point welding in each homogeneous or heterogeneous combination. CONCLUSION Heterogeneously laser-welded SS/Co-Cr-Ni and β-Ti/Ni-Ti wires provide a deflection load that is comparable to that of homogeneously welded orthodontic wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Watanabe
- Department of Dental and Biomedical Materials Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
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The applications and research progresses of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy in reconstructive surgery. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2010; 33:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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