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Meneses-Brassea BP, Borrego EA, Blazer DS, Sanad MF, Pourmiri S, Gutierrez DA, Varela-Ramirez A, Hadjipanayis GC, El-Gendy AA. Ni-Cu Nanoparticles and Their Feasibility for Magnetic Hyperthermia. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101988. [PMID: 33050215 PMCID: PMC7599664 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ni-Cu nanoparticles have been synthesized by reducing Ni and Cu from metal precursors using a sol–gel route followed by annealing at 300 °C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 h for controlled self-regulating magnetic hyperthermia applications. Particle morphology and crystal structure revealed spherical nanoparticles with a cubic structure and an average size of 50, 60, 53, 87, and 87 nm for as-made and annealed samples at 300 °C for 1, 3, 6, and 10 h, respectively. Moreover, hysteresis loops indicated ferromagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization (Ms) ranging from 13–20 emu/g at 300 K. Additionally, Zero-filed cooled and field cooled (ZFC-FC) curves revealed that each sample contains superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a blocking temperature (TB) of 196–260 K. Their potential use for magnetic hyperthermia was tested under the therapeutic limits of an alternating magnetic field. The samples exhibited a heating rate ranging from 0.1 to 1.7 °C/min and a significant dissipated heating power measured as a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 6–80 W/g. The heating curves saturated after reaching the Curie temperature (Tc), ranging from 30–61 °C within the therapeutic temperature limit. An in vitro cytotoxicity test of these Ni-Cu samples in biological tissues was performed via exposing human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells to a gradient of concentrations of the sample with 53 nm particles (annealed at 300 °C for 3 h) and reviewing their cytotoxic effects. For low concentrations, this sample showed no toxic effects to the cells, revealing its biocompatibility to be used in the future for in vitro/in vivo magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca P. Meneses-Brassea
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (B.P.M.-B.); (D.S.B.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Edgar A. Borrego
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.A.G.); (A.V.-R.)
| | - Dawn S. Blazer
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (B.P.M.-B.); (D.S.B.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohamed F. Sanad
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (B.P.M.-B.); (D.S.B.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Shirin Pourmiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.P.); (G.C.H.)
| | - Denisse A. Gutierrez
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.A.G.); (A.V.-R.)
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.A.G.); (A.V.-R.)
| | - George C. Hadjipanayis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.P.); (G.C.H.)
| | - Ahmed A. El-Gendy
- Department of Physics, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (B.P.M.-B.); (D.S.B.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles became increasingly interesting in recent years as a result of their tailorable size-dependent properties, which enable their use in a wide range of applications. One of their emerging applications is biomedicine; in particular, bimetallic nickel/copper magnetic nanoparticles (NiCu MNPs) are gaining momentum as a consequence of their unique properties that are suitable for biomedicine. These characteristics include stability in various chemical environments, proven biocompatibility with various cell types, and tunable magnetic properties that can be adjusted by changing synthesis parameters. Despite the obvious potential of NiCu MNPs for biomedical applications, the general interest in their use for this purpose is rather low. Nevertheless, the steadily increasing annual number of related papers shows that increasingly more researchers in the biomedical field are studying this interesting formulation. As with other MNPs, NiCu-based formulations were examined for their application in magnetic hyperthermia (MH) as one of their main potential uses in clinics. MH is a treatment method in which cancer tissue is selectively heated through the localization of MNPs at the target site in an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This heating destroys cancer cells only since they are less equipped to withstand temperatures above 43 °C, whereas this temperature is not critical for healthy tissue. Superparamagnetic particles (e.g., NiCu MNPs) generate heat by relaxation losses under an AMF. In addition to MH in cancer treatment, which might be their most beneficial potential use in biomedicine, the properties of NiCu MNPs can be leveraged for several other applications, such as controlled drug delivery and prolonged localization at a desired target site in the body. After a short introduction that covers the general properties of NiCu MNPs, this review explores different synthesis methods, along with their main advantages and disadvantages, potential surface modification approaches, and their potential in biomedical applications, such as MH, multimodal cancer therapy, MH implants, antibacterial activity, and dentistry.
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