1
|
Sensini A, Stamati O, Marchiori G, Sancisi N, Gotti C, Giavaresi G, Cristofolini L, Focarete ML, Zucchelli A, Tozzi G. Full-field strain distribution in hierarchical electrospun nanofibrous poly-L(lactic) acid/collagen scaffolds for tendon and ligament regeneration: A multiscale study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26796. [PMID: 38444492 PMCID: PMC10912460 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments (T/L) is a worldwide need. In this study electrospun hierarchical scaffolds made of a poly-L (lactic) acid/collagen blend were developed reproducing all the multiscale levels of aggregation of these tissues. Scanning electron microscopy, microCT and tensile mechanical tests were carried out, including a multiscale digital volume correlation analysis to measure the full-field strain distribution of electrospun structures. The principal strains (εp1 and εp3) described the pattern of strains caused by the nanofibers rearrangement, while the deviatoric strains (εD) revealed the related internal sliding of nanofibers and bundles. The results of this study confirmed the biomimicry of such electrospun hierarchical scaffolds, paving the way to further tissue engineering and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration and cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gregorio Marchiori
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Sancisi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Gotti
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials – Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration and cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials – Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Materials, School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie X, Xu J, Lin J, Chen L, Ding D, Hu Y, Han K, Li C, Wang F, Zhao J, Wang L. Micro-nano hierarchical scaffold providing temporal-matched biological constraints for tendon reconstruction. Biofabrication 2023; 16:015018. [PMID: 38100814 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of tendon biology, high-quality tendon repair remains a clinical and scientific challenge. Here, a micro-nano hierarchical scaffold is developed to promote orderly tendon regeneration by providing temporal-matched biological constraints. In short, fibrin (Fb), which provides biological constraints, is loaded into poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoyarns with suitable degradation cycles (Fb-loaded nanofiber yarns (Fb-NY)). Then further combined with braiding technology, temporary chemotactic Fb scaffolds with tendon extracellular matrix-like structures are obtained to initiate the regeneration process. At the early stage of healing (2 w), the regeneration microenvironment is regulated (inducing M2 macrophages and restoring the early blood supply necessary for healing) by Fb, and the alignment of cells and collagen is induced by nanoyarn. At the late healing stage (8 w), with the degradation of Fb-NY, non-functional vascular regression occurs, and the newborn tissues gradually undergo load-bearing remodeling, restoring the anvascularous and ordered structure of the tendon. In summary, the proposed repair strategy provides temporal-matched biological constraints, offering a potential pathway to reconstruct the ordered structure and function of tendons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Danzhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yage Hu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Han
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Semitela Â, Pinto SC, Capitão A, Marques PAAP, Completo A. Fabrication of Customizable and Reproducible 3D Chondrocyte-Laden Nanofibrous Architectures: Effect of Specific Fiber Alignments and Porosities on Chondrocyte Response under Cyclic Compression. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5541-5554. [PMID: 37947854 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning has been widely employed to fabricate complex extracellular matrix-like microenvironments for tissue engineering due to its ability to replicate structurally biomimetic micro- and nanotopographic cues. Nevertheless, these nanofibrous structures are typically either confined to bidimensional systems or confined to three-dimensional ones that are unable to provide controlled multiscale patterns. Thus, an electrospinning modality was used in this work to fabricate chondrocyte-laden nanofibrous scaffolds with highly customizable three-dimensional (3D) architectures in an automated manner, with the ultimate goal of recreating a suitable 3D scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Three distinct architectures were designed and fabricated by combining multiple nanofibrous and chondrocyte-laden hydrogel layers and tested in vitro in a compression bioreactor system. Results demonstrated that it was possible to precisely control the placement and alignment of electrospun polycaprolactone and gelatin nanofibers, generating three unique architectures with distinctive macroscale porosity, water absorption capacity, and mechanical properties. The architecture organized in a lattice-like fashion was highly porous with substantial pore interconnectivity, resulting in a high-water absorption capacity but a poor compression modulus and relatively weaker energy dissipation capacity. The donut-like 3D geometry was the densest, with lower swelling, but the highest compression modulus and improved energy dissipation ability. The third architecture combined a lattice and donut-like fibrous arrangement, exhibiting intermediary behavior in terms of porosity, water absorption, compression modulus, and energy dissipation capacity. The properties of the donut-like 3D architecture demonstrated great potential for articular cartilage tissue engineering, as it mimicked key topographic, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of chondrocytes' surrounding environment. In fact, the combination of these architectural features with a dynamically compressive mechanical stimulus triggered the best in vitro results in terms of viability and biosynthetic production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Semitela
- Centre of Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana C Pinto
- Centre of Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- Centre of Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Completo
- Centre of Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Makuloluwa AK, Hamill KJ, Rauz S, Bosworth L, Haneef A, Romano V, Williams RL, Dartt DA, Kaye SB. The conjunctival extracellular matrix, related disorders and development of substrates for conjunctival restoration. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:322-335. [PMID: 34102309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The conjunctiva can be damaged by numerous diseases with scarring, loss of tissue and dysfunction. Depending on extent of damage, restoration of function may require a conjunctival graft. A wide variety of biological and synthetic substrates have been tested in the search for optimal conditions for ex vivo culture of conjunctival epithelial cells as a route toward tissue grafts. Each substrate has specific advantages but also disadvantages related to their unique physical and biological characteristics, and identification and development of an improved substrate remains a priority. To achieve the goal of mimicking and restoring a biological material, requires information from the material. Specifically, extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from conjunctival tissue. Knowledge of the composition and structure of native ECM and identifying contributions of individual components to its function would enable using or mimicking those components to develop improved biological substrates. ECM is comprised of two components: basement membrane secreted predominantly by epithelial cells containing laminins and type IV collagens, which directly support epithelial and goblet cell adhesion differentiation and growth and, interstitial matrix secreted by fibroblasts in lamina propria, which provides mechanical and structural support. This review presents current knowledge on anatomy, composition of conjunctival ECM and related conjunctival disorders. Requirements of potential substrates for conjunctival tissue engineering and transplantation are discussed. Biological and synthetic substrates and their components are described in an accompanying review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruni K Makuloluwa
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Kevin J Hamill
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road Birmingham, B18 7QU, UK
| | - Lucy Bosworth
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Atikah Haneef
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St. Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Advanced Graft Development Approaches for ACL Reconstruction or Regeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020507. [PMID: 36831043 PMCID: PMC9953332 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the major knee ligaments, one which is greatly exposed to injuries. According to the British National Health Society, ACL tears represent around 40% of all knee injuries. The number of ACL injuries has increased rapidly over the past ten years, especially in people from 26-30 years of age. We present a brief background in currently used ACL treatment strategies with a description of surgical reconstruction techniques. According to the well-established method, the PubMed database was then analyzed to scaffold preparation methods and materials. The number of publications and clinical trials over the last almost 30 years were analyzed to determine trends in ACL graft development. Finally, we described selected ACL scaffold development publications of engineering, medical, and business interest. The systematic PubMed database analysis indicated a high interest in collagen for the purpose of ACL graft development, an increased interest in hybrid grafts, a numerical balance in the development of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable grafts, and a low number of clinical trials. The investigation of selected publications indicated that only a few suggest a real possibility of creating healthy tissue. At the same time, many of them focus on specific details and fundamental science. Grafts exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties, mostly because of polymer types and graft morphology. Moreover, most of the research ends at the in vitro stage, using non-certificated polymers, thus requiring a long time before the medical device can be placed on the market. In addition to scientific concerns, official regulations limit the immediate introduction of artificial grafts onto the market.
Collapse
|
6
|
Natural, synthetic and commercially-available biopolymers used to regenerate tendons and ligaments. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:179-197. [PMID: 35510172 PMCID: PMC9034322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament (TL) injuries affect millions of people annually. Biopolymers play a significant role in TL tissue repair, whether the treatment relies on tissue engineering strategies or using artificial tendon grafts. The biopolymer governs the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, degradation, and fabrication method of the TL scaffold. Many natural, synthetic and hybrid biopolymers have been studied in TL regeneration, often combined with therapeutic agents and minerals to engineer novel scaffold systems. However, most of the advanced biopolymers have not advanced to clinical use yet. Here, we aim to review recent biopolymers and discuss their features for TL tissue engineering. After introducing the properties of the native tissue, we discuss different types of natural, synthetic and hybrid biopolymers used in TL tissue engineering. Then, we review biopolymers used in commercial absorbable and non-absorbable TL grafts. Finally, we explain the challenges and future directions for the development of novel biopolymers in TL regenerative treatment. Both natural and synthetic biopolymers are reviewed for regeneration of TL and their interface tissues. Advances on hybrid-composite biopolymers to fabricate TL scaffolds were reviewed. The current biopolymers used in commercial TL grafts are discussed. The challenges and emerging strategies for biopolymer development are presented.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khamplod T, Winterburn JB, Cartmell SH. Electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) scaffolds - a step towards ligament repair applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:895-910. [PMID: 36570876 PMCID: PMC9769142 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2149034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures is approximately 50 per 100,000 people. ACL rupture repair methods that offer better biomechanics have the potential to reduce long term osteoarthritis. To improve ACL regeneration biomechanically similar, biocompatible and biodegradable tissue scaffolds are required. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), with high 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) content, based scaffold materials have been developed, with the advantages of traditional tissue engineering scaffolds combined with attractive mechanical properties, e.g., elasticity and biodegradability. PHBV with 3HV fractions of 0 to 100 mol% were produced in a controlled manner allowing specific compositions to be targeted, giving control over material properties. In conjunction electrospinning conditions were altered, to manipulate the degree of fibre alignment, with increasing collector rotating speed used to obtain random and aligned PHBV fibres. The PHBV based materials produced were characterised, with mechanical properties, thermal properties and surface morphology being studied. An electrospun PHBV fibre mat with 50 mol% 3HV content shows a significant increase in elasticity compared to those with lower 3HV content and could be fabricated into aligned fibres. Biocompatibility testing with L929 fibroblasts demonstrates good cell viability, with the aligned fibre network promoting fibroblast alignment in the axial fibre direction, desirable for ACL repair applications. Dynamic load testing shows that the 50 mol% 3HV PHBV material produced can withstand cyclic loading with reasonable resilience. Electrospun PHBV can be produced with low batch variability and tailored, application specific properties, giving these biomaterials promise in tissue scaffold applications where aligned fibre networks are desired, such as ACL regeneration. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thammarit Khamplod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James B. Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agarwal A, Rao GK, Majumder S, Shandilya M, Rawat V, Purwar R, Verma M, Srivastava CM. Natural protein-based electrospun nanofibers for advanced healthcare applications: progress and challenges. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:92. [PMID: 35342680 PMCID: PMC8921418 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is an electrostatic fiber fabrication technique that operates by the application of a strong electric field on polymer solution or melts. It is used to fabricate fibers whose size lies in the range of few microns to the nanometer range. Historic development of electrospinning has evinced attention due to its outstanding attributes such as small diameter, excellent pore inter-connectivity, high porosity, and high surface-to-volume ratio. This review aims to highlight the theory behind electrospinning and the machine setup with a detailed discussion about the processing parameters. It discusses the latest innovations in natural protein-based electrospun nanofibers for health care applications. Various plant- and animal-based proteins have been discussed with detailed sample preparation and corresponding processing parameters. The usage of these electrospun nanofibers in regenerative medicine and drug delivery has also been discussed. Some technical innovations in electrospinning techniques such as emulsion electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning have been highlighted. Coaxial electrospun core-shell nanofibers have the potential to be utilized as an advanced nano-architecture for sustained release targeted delivery as well as for regenerative medicine. Healthcare applications of nanofibers formed via emulsion and coaxial electrospinning have been discussed briefly. Electrospun nanofibers have still much scope for commercialization on large scale. Some of the available wound-dressing materials have been discussed in brief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Gyaneshwar K. Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Sudip Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Manish Shandilya
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Varun Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| | - Roli Purwar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi 110042 India
| | - Monu Verma
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130743 South Korea
| | - Chandra Mohan Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
- Centre for Polymer Technology, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122413 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu SY, Kim W, Kremen TJ. In Vitro Cellular Strain Models of Tendon Biology and Tenogenic Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826748. [PMID: 35242750 PMCID: PMC8886160 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that the surrounding biomechanical environment plays a significant role in the development, differentiation, repair, and degradation of tendon, but the interactions between tendon cells and the forces they experience are complex. In vitro mechanical stimulation models attempt to understand the effects of mechanical load on tendon and connective tissue progenitor cells. This article reviews multiple mechanical stimulation models used to study tendon mechanobiology and provides an overview of the current progress in modelling the complex native biomechanical environment of tendon. Though great strides have been made in advancing the understanding of the role of mechanical stimulation in tendon development, damage, and repair, there exists no ideal in vitro model. Further comparative studies and careful consideration of loading parameters, cell populations, and biochemical additives may further offer new insight into an ideal model for the support of tendon regeneration studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Y. Wu
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas J. Kremen Jr,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong J, Murphy M, Wu YF, Murphy R, Frueh FS, Farnebo S. Basic science approaches to common hand surgery problems. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:117-126. [PMID: 34472390 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211042697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of hand surgery is constantly evolving to meet challenges of populations with increasing age and higher demands for active living. While our surgical care has improved over the last decades, it seems that future major improvement in outcomes of clinical treatment will come through advances in biologics and the translation of major discoveries in basic science. This article aims to provide an update on where basic science solutions may answer some of the most critical issues in hand surgery, with a focus on augmentation of tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ralph Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Florian S Frueh
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bosworth LA, Lanaro M, O'Loughlin DA, D'Sa RA, Woodruff MA, Williams RL. Melt electro-written scaffolds with box-architecture support orthogonally oriented collagen. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34883476 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac41a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melt electro-writing (MEW) is a state-of-the-art technique that supports fabrication of 3D, precisely controlled and reproducible fiber structures. A standard MEW scaffold design is a box-structure, where a repeat layer of 90° boxes is produced from a single fiber. In 3D form (i.e. multiple layers), this structure has the potential to mimic orthogonal arrangements of collagen, as observed in the corneal stroma. In this study, we determined the response of human primary corneal stromal cells and their deposited fibrillar collagen (detected using a CNA35 probe) following six weeksin vitroculture on these box-structures made from poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL). Comparison was also made to glass substrates (topography-free) and electrospun PCL fibers (aligned topography). Cell orientation and collagen deposition were non-uniform on glass substrates. Electrospun scaffolds supported an excellent parallel arrangement of cells and deposited collagen to the underlying architecture of aligned fibers, but there was no evidence of bidirectional collagen. In contrast, MEW scaffolds encouraged the formation of a dense, interconnected cellular network and deposited fibrillar collagen layers with a distinct orthogonal-arrangement. Collagen fibrils were particularly dominant through the middle layers of the MEW scaffolds' total thickness and closer examination revealed these fibrils to be concentrated within the pores' central regions. With the demand for donor corneas far exceeding the supply-leaving many with visual impairment-the application of MEW as a potential technique to recreate the corneal stroma with spontaneous, bidirectional collagen organization warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Bosworth
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Lanaro
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Danielle A O'Loughlin
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Raechelle A D'Sa
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nezhentsev A, Abhari RE, Baldwin MJ, Mimpen JY, Augustyniak E, Isaacs M, Mouthuy PA, Carr AJ, Snelling SJB. In vitro evaluation of the response of human tendon-derived stromal cells to a novel electrospun suture for tendon repair. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 4:409-418. [PMID: 35571511 PMCID: PMC7612718 DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent tears after surgical tendon repair remain common. Repair failures can be partly attributed to the use of sutures not designed for the tendon cellular niche nor for the promotion of repair processes. Synthetic electrospun materials can mechanically support the tendon whilst providing topographical cues that regulate cell behaviour. Here, a novel electrospun suture made from twisted polydioxanone (PDO) polymer filaments is compared to PDS II, a clinically-used PDO suture currently utilised in tendon repair. We evaluated the ability of these sutures to support the attachment and proliferation of human tendon-derived stromal cells using PrestoBlue and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Suture surface chemistry was analysed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Bulk RNA-Seq interrogated the transcriptional response of primary tendon-derived stromal cells to sutures after 14 days. Electrospun suture showed increased initial cell attachment and a stronger transcriptional response compared to PDS II, with relative enrichment of pathways including mTorc1 signalling and depletion of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Neither suture induced transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory pathways compared to baseline. Twisted electrospun sutures therefore show promise in improving outcomes in surgical tendon repair by allowing increased cell attachment whilst maintaining an appropriate tissue response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Nezhentsev
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roxanna E Abhari
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mathew J Baldwin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jolet Y Mimpen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edyta Augustyniak
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Harwell Campus, OX11 0DE
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mouthuy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J B Snelling
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sensini A, Santare MH, Eichenlaub E, Bloom E, Gotti C, Zucchelli A, Cristofolini L. Tuning the Structure of Nylon 6,6 Electrospun Bundles to Mimic the Mechanical Performance of Tendon Fascicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626433. [PMID: 33889568 PMCID: PMC8056020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are triggered by mechanical loading, but the specific mechanisms are not yet clearly identified. It is well established however, that the inflection and transition points in tendon stress-strain curves represent thresholds that may signal the onset of irreversible fibrillar sliding. This phenomenon often results in a progressive macroscopic failure of these tissues. With the aim to simulate and replace tendons, electrospinning has been demonstrated to be a suitable technology to produce nanofibers similar to the collagen fibrils in a mat form. These nanofibrous mats can be easily assembled in higher hierarchical levels to reproduce the whole tissue structure. Despite the fact that several groups have developed electrospun tendon-inspired structures, an investigation of the inflection and transition point mechanics is missing. Comparing their behavior with that of the natural counterpart is important to adequately replicate their behavior at physiological strain levels. To fill this gap, in this work fascicle-inspired electrospun nylon 6,6 bundles were produced with different collector peripheral speeds (i.e., 19.7 m s–1; 13.7 m s–1; 7.9 m s–1), obtaining different patterns of nanofibers alignment. The scanning electron microcopy revealed a fibril-inspired structure of the nanofibers with an orientation at the higher speed similar to those in tendons and ligaments (T/L). A tensile mechanical characterization was carried out showing an elastic-brittle biomimetic behavior for the higher speed bundles with a progressively more ductile behavior at slower speeds. Moreover, for each sample category the transition and the inflection points were defined to study how these points can shift with the nanofiber arrangement and to compare their values with those of tendons. The results of this study will be of extreme interest for the material scientists working in the field, to model and improve the design of their electrospun structures and scaffolds and enable building a new generation of artificial tendons and ligaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael H Santare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Emily Eichenlaub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ellen Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carlo Gotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rinoldi C, Kijeńska-Gawrońska E, Khademhosseini A, Tamayol A, Swieszkowski W. Fibrous Systems as Potential Solutions for Tendon and Ligament Repair, Healing, and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001305. [PMID: 33576158 PMCID: PMC8048718 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries caused by trauma and degenerative diseases are frequent and affect diverse groups of the population. Such injuries reduce musculoskeletal performance, limit joint mobility, and lower people's comfort. Currently, various treatment strategies and surgical procedures are used to heal, repair, and restore the native tissue function. However, these strategies are inadequate and, in some cases, fail to re-establish the lost functionality. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches aim to overcome these disadvantages by stimulating the regeneration and formation of neotissues. Design and fabrication of artificial scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties are crucial for restoring the mechanical function of tendons. In this review, the tendon and ligament structure, their physiology, and performance are presented. On the other hand, the requirements are focused for the development of an effective reconstruction device. The most common fiber-based scaffolding systems are also described for tendon and ligament tissue regeneration like strand fibers, woven, knitted, braided, and braid-twisted fibrous structures, as well as electrospun and wet-spun constructs, discussing critically the advantages and limitations of their utilization. Finally, the potential of multilayered systems as the most effective candidates for tendon and ligaments tissue engineering is pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinoldi
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| | - Ewa Kijeńska-Gawrońska
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-822, Poland
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Radiology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Imere A, Ligorio C, O'Brien M, Wong JKF, Domingos M, Cartmell SH. Engineering a cell-hydrogel-fibre composite to mimic the structure and function of the tendon synovial sheath. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:140-154. [PMID: 33189954 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The repair of tendon injuries is often compromised by post-operative peritendinous adhesions. Placing a physical barrier at the interface between the tendon and the surrounding tissue could potentially solve this problem by reducing adhesion formation. At present, no such system is available for routine use in clinical practice. Here, we propose the development of a bilayer membrane combining a nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun mesh with a layer of self-assembling peptide hydrogel (SAPH) laden with type-B synoviocytes. This bilayer membrane would act as an anti-adhesion system capable of restoring tendon lubrication, while assisting with synovial sheath regeneration. The PCL mesh showed adequate mechanical properties (Young's modulus=19±4 MPa, ultimate tensile stress=9.6±1.7 MPa, failure load=0.5±0.1 N), indicating that the membrane is easy to handle and capable to withstand the frictional forces generated on the tendon's surface during movement (~0.3 N). Morphological analysis confirmed the generation of a mesh with nanosized PCL fibres and small pores (< 3 μm), which prevented fibroblast infiltration to impede extrinsic healing but still allowing diffusion of nutrients and waste. Rheological tests showed that incorporation of SAPH layer allows good lubrication properties when the membrane is articulated against porcine tendon or hypodermis, suggesting that restoration of tendon gliding is possible upon implantation. Moreover, viability and metabolic activity tests indicated that the SAPH was conducive to rabbit synoviocyte growth and proliferation over 28 days of 3D culture, sustaining cell production of specific matrix components, particularly hyaluronic acid. Synoviocyte-laden peptide hydrogel promoted a sustained endogenous production of hyaluronic acid, providing an anti-friction layer that potentially restores the tendon gliding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Imere
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cosimo Ligorio
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie O'Brien
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason K F Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Domingos
- The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK..
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rey-Vinolas S, Castaño O, Ruiz-Macarrilla L, Llorens X, Mora JM, Engel E, Mateos-Timoneda MA. Development of a novel automatable fabrication method based on electrospinning co electrospraying for rotator cuff augmentation patches. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224661. [PMID: 31725745 PMCID: PMC6855444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tear is one of the most common shoulder diseases. Rotator cuff augmentation (RCA) is trying to solve the high retear failure percentage after the surgery procedures (20-90%). The ideal augmentation patch must provide a temporal mechanical support during the healing process. In this work, we proposed a simple method for the fabrication of synthetic RCA patches. This method combines the use of electrospraying to produce poly-L-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone (PLC) films in an organogel form and electrospinning to produce poly(lactic) acid (PLA) nanofibers. The device consists in a combination of layers, creating a multilayered construct, enabling the possibility of tuning its mechanical properties and thickness. Besides, both techniques are simple to escalate for industrial production. A complete characterization has been performed to optimize the involved number of layers and production time of PLC films and PLA nanofibers fabrication, obtaining a final optimal configuration for RCA devices. Structural, mechanical and suture properties were evaluated. Also, the possibility of surface functionalization to improve the bioactivity of the scaffold was studied, adding aligned electrospun PLA nanofibers on the surface of the device to mimic the natural tendon topography. Surface modification was characterized by culturing adult normal human dermal fibroblasts. Lack of toxicity was detected for material presented, and cell alignment shape orientation guided by aligned fibers, mimicking tendon structure, was obtained. Cell proliferation and protein production were also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Rey-Vinolas
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Castaño
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Electronics and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Bioelectronics Unit and Nanobioengineering Lab., Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Llorens
- Fundació Joan Costa Roma, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Servei de C.O.T., Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - José M. Mora
- Fundació Joan Costa Roma, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Servei de C.O.T., Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE campus, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Mateos-Timoneda
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE campus, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tomás AR, Gonçalves AI, Paz E, Freitas P, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME. Magneto-mechanical actuation of magnetic responsive fibrous scaffolds boosts tenogenesis of human adipose stem cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18255-18271. [PMID: 31566629 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are highly specialized load-bearing tissues with very limited healing capacity. Given their mechanosensitive nature, the combination of tendon mimetic scaffolds with remote mechanical actuation could synergistically contribute to the fabrication of improved tissue engineered alternatives for the functional regeneration of tendons. Here, hybrids of cellulose nanocrystals decorated with magnetic nanoparticles were produced to simultaneously reinforce and confer magnetic responsiveness to tendon mimetic hierarchical fibrous scaffolds, resulting in a system that enables remote stimulation of cells in vitro and, potentially, in vivo after construct transplantation. The biological performance and functionality of these scaffolds were evaluated using human adipose stem cells (hASCs) cultured under or in the absence of magnetic actuation. It was demonstrated that magneto-mechanical stimulation of hASCs promotes higher degrees of cell cytoskeleton anisotropic organization and steers the mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. As feedback, stimulated cells show increased expression of tendon-related markers, as well as a pro-healing profile in genes related to their inflammatory secretome. Overall, these results support the use of the proposed magnetic responsive fibrous scaffolds as remote biointegrated actuators that can synergistically boost hASC tenogenesis through mechanosensing mechanisms and may modulate their pro-healing paracrine signaling, thus collectively contributing to the improvement of the regenerative potential of engineered tendon grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Tomás
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aliheidari N, Aliahmad N, Agarwal M, Dalir H. Electrospun Nanofibers for Label-Free Sensor Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3587. [PMID: 31426538 PMCID: PMC6720643 DOI: 10.3390/s19163587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a simple, low-cost and versatile method for fabricating submicron and nano size fibers. Due to their large surface area, high aspect ratio and porous structure, electrospun nanofibers can be employed in wide range of applications. Biomedical, environmental, protective clothing and sensors are just few. The latter has attracted a great deal of attention, because for biosensor application, nanofibers have several advantages over traditional sensors, including a high surface-to-volume ratio and ease of functionalization. This review provides a short overview of several electrospun nanofibers applications, with an emphasis on biosensor applications. With respect to this area, focus is placed on label-free sensors, pertaining to both recent advances and fundamental research. Here, label-free sensor properties of sensitivity, selectivity, and detection are critically evaluated. Current challenges in this area and prospective future work is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Aliheidari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nojan Aliahmad
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Hamid Dalir
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sensini A, Gualandi C, Focarete ML, Belcari J, Zucchelli A, Boyle L, Reilly GC, Kao AP, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L. Multiscale hierarchical bioresorbable scaffolds for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035026. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab20ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
20
|
Kumar D, Cain SA, Bosworth LA. Effect of Topography and Physical Stimulus on hMSC Phenotype Using a 3D In Vitro Model. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E522. [PMID: 30987078 PMCID: PMC6523693 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports the first comparative study addressing the effects of both structural architecture and mechanical loading on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) positioned at the interface of a 3D in vitro model composed of a nanofibre/hydrogel laminate composite. hMSC phenotype was affected by both stimuli over a seven-day period. Cells were orientated parallel to the underlying fibre direction irrespective of environment (electrospun 2D fibre sheet or laminate 2D sheet with collagen gel layer). Application of cyclical tensile force (5% strain, 1 Hz, 1 h per day) encouraged hMSCs to remain at the fibre/gel interface, whereas cells cultured in static conditions migrated from the interface to the upper hydrogel layer. Depending on the stimulus applied, hMSCs presented an up-regulation in gene expression, indicative of several cell lineages, with those cultured at the interface and physically stimulated expressing markers indicative of angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and tenogenesis. This study highlights the importance of developing biomaterial scaffolds with environmental cues to specifically drive cells towards the tissue intended for bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lucy A Bosworth
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, Bosworth LA. Mimicking the Annulus Fibrosus Using Electrospun Polyester Blended Scaffolds. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040537. [PMID: 30987168 PMCID: PMC6523918 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatments to alleviate chronic lower back pain, caused by intervertebral disc herniation as a consequence of degenerate annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue, fail to provide long-term relief and do not restore tissue structure or function. This study aims to mimic the architecture and mechanical environment of AF tissue using electrospun fiber scaffolds made from synthetic biopolymers-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA). Pure polymer and their blends (PCL%:PLLA%; 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80) are studied and material properties-fiber diameter, alignment, % crystallinity, tensile strength, and water contact angle-characterized. Tensile properties of fibers angled at 0°, 30°, and 60° (single layer scaffolds), and ±0°, ±30°, and ±60° (bilayer scaffolds) yield significant differences, with PCL being significantly stiffer with the addition of PLLA, and bilayer scaffolds considerably stronger. Findings suggest PCL:PLLA 50:50 fibers are similar to human AF properties. Furthermore, in vitro culture of AF cells on 50:50 fibers demonstrates attachment and proliferation over seven days. The optimal polymer composition for production of scaffolds that closely mimic AF tissue both structurally, mechanically, and which also support and guide favorable cell phenotype is identified. This study takes a step closer towards successful AF tissue engineering and a long-term treatment for sufferers of chronic back pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyah H Shamsah
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lucy A Bosworth
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, 6 West Derby Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sensini A, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, Boyle LA, Kao AP, Reilly GC, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L, Focarete ML. Tendon Fascicle-Inspired Nanofibrous Scaffold of Polylactic acid/Collagen with Enhanced 3D-Structure and Biomechanical Properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17167. [PMID: 30464300 PMCID: PMC6249227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment of tendon lesions still yields unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The use of bioresorbable scaffolds represents a way forward to improve tissue repair. Scaffolds for tendon reconstruction should have a structure mimicking that of the natural tendon, while providing adequate mechanical strength and stiffness. In this paper, electrospun nanofibers of two crosslinked PLLA/Collagen blends (PLLA/Coll-75/25, PLLA/Coll-50/50) were developed and then wrapped in bundles, where the nanofibers are predominantly aligned along the bundles. Bundle morphology was assessed via SEM and high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (XCT). The 0.4-micron resolution in XCT demonstrated a biomimetic morphology of the bundles for all compositions, with a predominant nanofiber alignment and some scatter (50-60% were within 12° from the axis of the bundle), similar to the tendon microstructure. Human fibroblasts seeded on the bundles had increased metabolic activity from day 7 to day 21 of culture. The stiffness, strength and toughness of the bundles are comparable to tendon fascicles, both in the as-spun condition and after crosslinking, with moderate loss of mechanical properties after ageing in PBS (7 and 14 days). PLLA/Coll-75/25 has more desirable mechanical properties such as stiffness and ductility, compared to the PLLA/Coll-50/50. This study confirms the potential to bioengineer tendon fascicles with enhanced 3D structure and biomechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liam A Boyle
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P Kao
- ZEISS Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- ZEISS Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rawson SD, Shearer T, Lowe T, O'Brien M, Wong JKF, Margetts L, Cartmell SH. Four-Dimensional Imaging of Soft Tissue and Implanted Biomaterial Mechanics: A Barbed Suture Case Study for Tendon Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38681-38691. [PMID: 30346683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Timely, recent developments in X-ray microcomputed tomography (XμCT) imaging such as increased resolution and improved sample preparation enable nondestructive time-lapse imaging of polymeric biomaterials when implanted in soft tissue, which we demonstrate herein. Imaging the full three-dimensional (3D) structure of an implanted biomaterial provides new opportunities to assess the micromechanics of the interface between the implant and tissues and how this changes over time as force is applied in load-bearing musculoskeletal applications. In this paper, we present a case study demonstrating in situ XμCT and finite element analysis, using a dynamically loaded barbed suture repair for its novel use in tendon tissue. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of stress in the suture and tendon as load is applied. The data gained demonstrate a clear 3D visualization of microscale features in both the tissue and implant in wet conditions. XμCT imaging has revealed, for the first time, pores around the suture, preventing full engagement of all the barbs with the tendon tissue. Subsequent finite element analysis reveals the localized stress and strain, which are not evenly distributed along the suture, or throughout the tissue. This case study demonstrates for the first time a powerful in situ mechanical imaging tool, which could be readily adapted by other laboratories to interrogate and optimize the interface between the implanted biomaterials and the soft tissue.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sensini A, Cristofolini L. Biofabrication of Electrospun Scaffolds for the Regeneration of Tendons and Ligaments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1963. [PMID: 30322082 PMCID: PMC6213815 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament tissue regeneration and replacement are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology, and non-linear mechanical properties. Moreover, to guide the cells' proliferation and tissue re-growth, scaffolds must provide a fibrous texture mimicking the typical of the arrangement of the collagen in the extracellular matrix of these tissues. Among the different techniques to produce scaffolds, electrospinning is one of the most promising, thanks to its ability to produce fibers of nanometric size. This manuscript aims to provide an overview to researchers approaching the field of repair and regeneration of tendons and ligaments. To clarify the general requirements of electrospun scaffolds, the first part of this manuscript presents a general overview concerning tendons' and ligaments' structure and mechanical properties. The different types of polymers, blends and particles most frequently used for tendon and ligament tissue engineering are summarized. Furthermore, the focus of the review is on describing the different possible electrospinning setups and processes to obtain different nanofibrous structures, such as mats, bundles, yarns and more complex hierarchical assemblies. Finally, an overview concerning how these technologies are exploited to produce electrospun scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue applications is reported together with the main findings and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
SENSINI A, CRISTOFOLINI L, FOCARETE M, BELCARI J, ZUCCHELLI A, KAO A, TOZZI G. High-resolution x-ray tomographic morphological characterisation of electrospun nanofibrous bundles for tendon and ligament regeneration and replacement. J Microsc 2018; 272:196-206. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. SENSINI
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - L. CRISTOFOLINI
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - M.L. FOCARETE
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘G. Ciamician’ and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU); Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - J. BELCARI
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. ZUCCHELLI
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. KAO
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Engineering; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 3DJ U.K
| | - G. TOZZI
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Engineering; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 3DJ U.K
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sankar S, Sharma CS, Rath SN, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun Fibers for Recruitment and Differentiation of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28980771 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a popular technique used to mimic the natural sub-micron features of the native tissue. The ultra-fine fibers provide a favorable extracellular matrix-like environment for regulation of cellular functions. This article summarizes and reviews the current advances in electrospun fiber application and focuses on the novel strategies applied for tissue regeneration and repair. It explores the different factors affecting the attachment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the electrospun substrates. The influence of different features of electrospun fibers in the differentiation of MSCs into specific lineages (bone, cartilage, tendon/ligament, and nerves) has been elaborated. In addition, the different techniques to mimic the hierarchical features of tissues and its effect on cellular functions are reviewed. Additionally, the new developments like three-dimensional (3D) electrospinning, 3D spheroid double strategy and the comparative analysis of dynamic and static culture on electrospun scaffolds are discussed. With the intricate understanding of the interaction between the cells and the electrospun fiber matrix we can aim to combine the newer strategies to overcome the existing challenges and improve the potential application of electrospun fibers in the field of tissue regeneration and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Sankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana-502285, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandra S Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana-502285, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subha N Rath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana-502285, Hyderabad, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 110077, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang JL, Yao X, Qing Q, Zhang Y, Jiang YL, Ning LJ, Luo JC, Qin TW. An engineered tendon/ligament bioscaffold derived from decellularized and demineralized cortical bone matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:468-478. [PMID: 28984044 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Qing
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lin Jiang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Ju Ning
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Cong Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Wu Qin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Govoni M, Muscari C, Lovecchio J, Guarnieri C, Giordano E. Mechanical Actuation Systems for the Phenotype Commitment of Stem Cell-Based Tendon and Ligament Tissue Substitutes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:189-201. [PMID: 26661573 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High tensile forces transmitted by tendons and ligaments make them susceptible to tearing or complete rupture. The present standard reparative technique is the surgical implantation of auto- or allografts, which often undergo failure.Currently, different cell types and biomaterials are used to design tissue engineered substitutes. Mechanical stimulation driven by dedicated devices can precondition these constructs to a remarkable degree, mimicking the local in vivo environment. A large number of dynamic culture instruments have been developed and many appealing results collected. Of the cells that have been used, tendon stem cells are the most promising for a reliable stretch-induced tenogenesis, but their reduced availability represents a serious limitation to upscaled production. Biomaterials used for scaffold fabrication include both biological molecules and synthetic polymers, the latter being improved by nanotechnologies which reproduce the architecture of native tendons. In addition to cell type and scaffold material, other variables which must be defined in mechanostimulation protocols are the amplitude, frequency, duration and direction of the applied strain. The ideal conditions seem to be those producing intermittent tension rather than continuous loading. In any case, all physical parameters must be adapted to the specific response of the cells used and the tensile properties of the scaffold. Tendon/ligament grafts in animals usually have the advantage of mechanical preconditioning, especially when uniaxial cyclic forces are applied to cells engineered into natural or decellularized scaffolds. However, due to the scarcity of in vivo research, standard protocols still need to be defined for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Govoni
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Prometeo Laboratory - Department of Research, Innovation and Technology (RIT), The Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia, 52, I-47521, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia, 52, I-47521, Cesena, FC, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lui H, Vaquette C, Bindra R. Tissue Engineering in Hand Surgery: A Technology Update. J Hand Surg Am 2017; 42:727-735. [PMID: 28751113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of hand surgery is constantly evolving to meet the challenges of repairing intricate anatomical structures with limited availability of donor tissue. The past 10 years have seen an exponential growth in tissue engineering, which has broadened the perspectives of tackling these age-old problems. Various fabrication techniques such as melt electrospinning and fused deposition modelling have been employed to synthesize 3-dimensional bioscaffolds that can be used to replace lost tissue. These bioscaffolds with strategic biomimicry have been shown to allow for integrative and functional repair of tissue injuries. This review article summarizes the most current advances in tissue engineering and its applications in the field of hand surgery. It outlines the current tissue engineering techniques commonly used for tackling musculoskeletal problems and highlights the most promising approaches according to clinical evidence. In particular, the paper explores regenerative medicine concepts applied to specific tissues including nerve, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and vessels. In the face of innovative and pioneering research, tissue engineering will undoubtedly play a key role in reconstructive hand surgery in the not too distant future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayman Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast University Hospital & Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, Australia.
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Randip Bindra
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast University Hospital & Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sankar S, Sharma CS, Rath SN, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun nanofibres to mimic natural hierarchical structure of tissues: application in musculoskeletal regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e604-e619. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Sankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Telangana Hyderabad India
| | - Chandra S. Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Telangana Hyderabad India
| | - Subha N. Rath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Telangana Hyderabad India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibres & Nanotechnology; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pauly HM, Sathy BN, Olvera D, McCarthy HO, Kelly DJ, Popat KC, Dunne NJ, Haut Donahue TL. * Hierarchically Structured Electrospun Scaffolds with Chemically Conjugated Growth Factor for Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:823-836. [PMID: 28350237 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is vital for proper joint function and is commonly ruptured during sports injuries or car accidents. Due to a lack of intrinsic healing capacity and drawbacks with allografts and autografts, there is a need for a tissue-engineered ACL replacement. Our group has previously used aligned sheets of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers to develop solid cylindrical bundles of longitudinally aligned nanofibers. We have shown that these nanofiber bundles support cell proliferation and elongation and the hierarchical structure and material properties are similar to the native human ACL. It is possible to combine multiple nanofiber bundles to create a scaffold that attempts to mimic the macroscale structure of the ACL. The goal of this work was to develop a hierarchical bioactive scaffold for ligament tissue engineering using connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)-conjugated nanofiber bundles and evaluate the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on these scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. CTGF was immobilized onto the surface of individual nanofiber bundles or scaffolds consisting of multiple nanofiber bundles. The conjugation efficiency and the release of conjugated CTGF were assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, assays, and immunofluorescence staining. Scaffolds were seeded with MSCs and maintained in vitro for 7 days (individual nanofiber bundles), in vitro for 21 days (scaled-up scaffolds of 20 nanofiber bundles), or in vivo for 6 weeks (small scaffolds of 4 nanofiber bundles), and ligament-specific tissue formation was assessed in comparison to non-CTGF-conjugated control scaffolds. Results showed that CTGF conjugation encouraged cell proliferation and ligament-specific tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that hierarchical electrospun nanofiber bundles conjugated with CTGF are a scalable and bioactive scaffold for ACL tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Pauly
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Binulal N Sathy
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dinorath Olvera
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- 3 School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,4 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,5 Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland .,6 Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ketul C Popat
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado.,7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,3 School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, United Kingdom .,8 Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tammy Lynn Haut Donahue
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado.,7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sensini A, Gualandi C, Cristofolini L, Tozzi G, Dicarlo M, Teti G, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Letizia Focarete M. Biofabrication of bundles of poly(lactic acid)-collagen blends mimicking the fascicles of the human Achille tendon. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015025. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
33
|
Bhaskar P, Bosworth LA, Wong R, O'brien MA, Kriel H, Smit E, McGrouther DA, Wong JK, Cartmell SH. Cell response to sterilized electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds to aid tendon regeneration in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:389-397. [PMID: 27649836 PMCID: PMC5217068 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional replacement of tendon represents an unmet clinical need in situations of tendon rupture, tendon grafting, and complex tendon reconstruction, as usually there is a finite source of healthy tendon to use as donors. The microfibrous architecture of tendon is critical to the function of tendon. This study investigates the use of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds as potential biomaterial substitutes for tendon grafts. We assessed the performance of two electrospinning manufacturers (small- and large-scale) and the effect of two sterilization techniques-gamma irradiation and ethanol submersion-on cell response to these electrospun scaffolds after their implantation into a murine tendon model. Cell infiltration and proliferation analyses were undertaken to determine the effect on cell response within the implant over a 6-week period. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to characterize inflammatory response and healing characteristics (proliferation, collagen deposition, myofibroblast activity, and apoptosis). Neither the sterilization techniques nor the manufacturer was observed to significantly affect the cell response to the scaffold. At each time point, cell response was similar to the autograft control. This suggests that ethanol submersion can be used for research purposes and that the scaffold can be easily reproduced by a large-scale manufacturer. These results further imply that this electrospun scaffold may provide an alternative to autograft, thus eliminating the need for sourcing healthy tendon tissue from a secondary site. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 389-397, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Bhaskar
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Bosworth
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Wong
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie A. O'brien
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Haydn Kriel
- The Stellenbosch Nanofiber Company LtdCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Eugene Smit
- The Stellenbosch Nanofiber Company LtdCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Duncan A. McGrouther
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason K. Wong
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Biomaterials as Tendon and Ligament Substitutes: Current Developments. REGENERATIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF KNEE JOINT DISABILITIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44785-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
35
|
Mechanical properties and cellular response of novel electrospun nanofibers for ligament tissue engineering: Effects of orientation and geometry. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 61:258-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
36
|
Sandri M, Filardo G, Kon E, Panseri S, Montesi M, Iafisco M, Savini E, Sprio S, Cunha C, Giavaresi G, Veronesi F, Fini M, Salvatore L, Sannino A, Marcacci M, Tampieri A. Fabrication and Pilot In Vivo Study of a Collagen-BDDGE-Elastin Core-Shell Scaffold for Tendon Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:52. [PMID: 27446909 PMCID: PMC4923187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bio-devices for complete regeneration of ligament and tendon tissues is presently one of the biggest challenges in tissue engineering. Such device must simultaneously possess optimal mechanical performance, suitable porous structure, and biocompatible microenvironment. This study proposes a novel collagen-BDDGE-elastin (CBE)-based device for tendon tissue engineering, by the combination of two different modules: (i) a load-bearing, non-porous, “core scaffold” developed by braiding CBE membranes fabricated via an evaporative process and (ii) a hollow, highly porous, “shell scaffold” obtained by uniaxial freezing followed by freeze-drying of CBE suspension, designed to function as a physical guide and reservoir of cells to promote the regenerative process. Both core and shell materials demonstrated good cytocompatibility in vitro, and notably, the porous shell architecture directed cell alignment and population within the sample. Finally, a prototype of the core module was implanted in a rat tendon lesion model, and histological analysis demonstrated its safety, biocompatibility, and ability to induce tendon regeneration. Overall, our results indicate that such device may have the potential to support and induce in situ tendon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sandri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Bologna, Italy; Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Bologna, Italy; Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Panseri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Monica Montesi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Elisa Savini
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| | - Carla Cunha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Department RIT Rizzoli-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna , Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Department RIT Rizzoli-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council , Faenza , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Domingues RMA, Chiera S, Gershovich P, Motta A, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Enhancing the Biomechanical Performance of Anisotropic Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tendon Tissue Engineering: Reinforcement with Cellulose Nanocrystals. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1364-75. [PMID: 27059281 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropically aligned electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds based on natural/synthetic polymer blends have been established as a reasonable compromise between biological and biomechanical performance for tendon tissue engineering (TE) strategies. However, the limited tensile properties of these biomaterials restrict their application in this field due to the load-bearing nature of tendon/ligament tissues. Herein, the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforcing nanofillers in aligned electrospun scaffolds based on a natural/synthetic polymer blend matrix, poly-ε-caprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CHT) is reported. The incorporation of small amounts of CNCs (up to 3 wt%) into tendon mimetic nanofiber bundles has a remarkable biomaterial-toughing effect (85% ± 5%, p < 0.0002) and raises the scaffolds mechanical properties to tendon/ligament relevant range (σ = 39.3 ± 1.9 MPa and E = 540.5 ± 83.7 MPa, p < 0.0001). Aligned PCL/CHT/CNC nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds meet not only the mechanical requirements for tendon TE applications but also provide tendon mimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) topographic cues, a key feature for maintaining tendon cell's morphology and behavior. The strategy proposed here may be extended to other anisotropic aligned nanofibrous scaffolds based on natural/synthetic polymer blends and enable the full exploitation of the advantages provided by their tendon mimetic fibrous structures in tendon TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M. A. Domingues
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia; Zona Industrial da Gandra; 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory; Braga Portugal
| | - Silvia Chiera
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; 38123 Trento Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; 38123 Trento Italy
| | - Pavel Gershovich
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia; Zona Industrial da Gandra; 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory; Braga Portugal
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; 38123 Trento Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; 38123 Trento Italy
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia; Zona Industrial da Gandra; 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory; Braga Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia; Zona Industrial da Gandra; 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory; Braga Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Banik BL, Lewis GS, Brown JL. Multiscale Poly-(ϵ-caprolactone) Scaffold Mimicking Nonlinearity in Tendon Tissue Mechanics. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:1-9. [PMID: 27141530 PMCID: PMC4851111 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine plays a critical role in the future of medicine. However, challenges remain to balance stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and biochemical factors to create successful and effective scaffold designs. This project analyzes scaffold architecture with respect to mechanical capability and preliminary mesenchymal stem cell response for tendon regeneration. An electrospun fiber scaffold with tailorable properties based on a "Chinese-fingertrap" design is presented. The unique criss-crossed fiber structures demonstrate non-linear mechanical response similar to that observed in native tendon. Mechanical testing revealed that optimizing the fiber orientation resulted in the characteristic "S"-shaped curve, demonstrating a toe region and linear elastic region. This project has promising research potential across various disciplines: vascular engineering, nerve regeneration, and ligament and tendon tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Banik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gregory S. Lewis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Justin L. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wong R, Alam N, McGrouther AD, Wong JKF. Tendon grafts: their natural history, biology and future development. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2015; 40:669-81. [PMID: 26264585 DOI: 10.1177/1753193415595176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of tendon grafts has diminished as regimes of primary repairs and rehabilitation have improved, but they remain important in secondary reconstruction. Relatively little is known about the cellular biology of grafts, and the general perception is that they have little biological activity. The reality is that there is a wealth of cellular and molecular changes occurring with the process of engraftment that affect the quality of the repair. This review highlights the historical perspectives and modern concepts of graft take, reviews the different attachment techniques and revisits the biology of pseudosheath formation. In addition, we discuss some of the future directions in tendon reconstruction by grafting, which include surface modification, vascularized tendon transfer, allografts, biomaterials and cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wong
- Plastic Surgery Research, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Alam
- Plastic Surgery Research, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A D McGrouther
- Plastic Surgery Research, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J K F Wong
- Plastic Surgery Research, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mouthuy PA, Zargar N, Hakimi O, Lostis E, Carr A. Fabrication of continuous electrospun filaments with potential for use as medical fibres. Biofabrication 2015; 7:025006. [PMID: 25987265 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue injuries represent a substantial and growing social and economic burden. Medical fibres are commonly used to repair these injuries during surgery. Patient's outcomes are, however, not promising with around 40% of surgical repairs failing within the first few months after surgery due to poor tissue regeneration. The application of nanofibrous filaments and yarns as medical fibres and scaffolds has been suggested to improve soft tissue regeneration and enhance the quality of the repair. However, due to a lack of robustness and reliability of the current fabrication methods, continuous nanofibrous filaments cannot be manufactured and scaled up in industrial settings and are not currently available for clinical use. We have developed a robust and automated method that enables the manufacture of continuous electrospun filaments and which has the potential to be integrated into existing textile production lines. The technology uses a wire guide to form submicrofibres in a dense, narrow mesh which can be detached as a long and continuous thread. The thread can then be stretched and used to create multifilament yarns which can imitate the hierarchical architecture of tissues such as tendons and ligaments. Electrospun polydioxanone yarns produced by this method showed improved cellular proliferation and adhesion when compared to medical monofilament fibres in current clinical use. In vivo, the electrospun yarns showed a good safety profile with mild foreign body reaction and complete degradation within 5 months after implantation. These results suggest that this filament collection method has the potential to become a useful platform for the fabrication of future medical textiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexis Mouthuy
- Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bosworth LA, Rathbone SR, Cartmell SH. Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25938809 PMCID: PMC4541498 DOI: 10.3791/52135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell number. While researchers commonly reference their seeding density this does not necessarily indicate the actual number of cells that have adhered to the material in question. This is particularly the case for materials, or scaffolds, that do not cover the base of standard cell culture well plates. This study investigates the initial attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded at a known number onto electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) yarn after 4 hr in culture. Electrospun yarns were held within several different set-ups, including bioreactor vessels rotating at 9 rpm, cell culture inserts positioned in low binding well plates and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) troughs placed within petri dishes. The latter two were subjected to either static conditions or positioned on a shaker plate (30 rpm). After 4 hr incubation at 37 oC, 5% CO2, the location of seeded cells was determined by cell DNA assay. Scaffolds were removed from their containers and placed in lysis buffer. The media fraction was similarly removed and centrifuged – the supernatant discarded and pellet broken up with lysis buffer. Lysis buffer was added to each receptacle, or well, and scraped to free any cells that may be present. The cell DNA assay determined the percentage of cells present within the scaffold, media and well fractions. Cell attachment was low for all experimental set-ups, with greatest attachment (30%) for yarns held within cell culture inserts and subjected to shaking motion. This study raises awareness to the actual number of cells attaching to scaffolds irrespective of the stated cell seeding density.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lomas A, Ryan C, Sorushanova A, Shologu N, Sideri A, Tsioli V, Fthenakis G, Tzora A, Skoufos I, Quinlan L, O'Laighin G, Mullen A, Kelly J, Kearns S, Biggs M, Pandit A, Zeugolis D. The past, present and future in scaffold-based tendon treatments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:257-77. [PMID: 25499820 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries represent a significant clinical burden on healthcare systems worldwide. As the human population ages and the life expectancy increases, tendon injuries will become more prevalent, especially among young individuals with long life ahead of them. Advancements in engineering, chemistry and biology have made available an array of three-dimensional scaffold-based intervention strategies, natural or synthetic in origin. Further, functionalisation strategies, based on biophysical, biochemical and biological cues, offer control over cellular functions; localisation and sustained release of therapeutics/biologics; and the ability to positively interact with the host to promote repair and regeneration. Herein, we critically discuss current therapies and emerging technologies that aim to transform tendon treatments in the years to come.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global time and effort attributed to improving outcomes in the management of flexor tendon injury are large, but the degree of advancement made over the past 50 years is relatively small. This review examines the current perceived wisdom in this field and aims to explore the limitations to the authors' understanding of the tendon healing process, examining how this may be a factor that has contributed to the authors' modest progress in the field. METHODS The authors critically evaluate the sum of laboratory and clinical literature on the topic of zone II flexor tendon management that has guided their practice and provide evidence to support their methods. RESULTS The review highlights some of the key developments over the years and assesses their influence on changing current practice. It also highlights recent innovations, which have the potential to influence flexor tendon outcomes by altering the surgical approach, techniques, and rehabilitation regimens. Future innovations in the field will also be discussed to examine their potential in expanding the development in the management of flexor tendon injury. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of flexor tendon biology will allow progress in developing new therapies for flexor tendon injuries; however, there are as yet few real breakthroughs that will dramatically change current practice.
Collapse
|
44
|
Jeong SI, Burns NA, Bonino CA, Kwon IK, Khan SA, Alsberg E. Improved cell infiltration of highly porous nanofibrous scaffolds formed by combined fiber-fiber charge repulsions and ultra-sonication. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8116-8122. [PMID: 25530854 PMCID: PMC4269270 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant problem affecting electrospun nanofibrous tissue scaffolds is poor infiltration of cells into their three-dimensional (3D) structure. Environmental and physical manipulation, however, can enhance cellular infiltration into electrospun scaffolds. In this work, RGD-modified alginate mats with increased thickness and porosity were achieved by pairing high humidity electrospinning with post-processing ultra-sonication. RGD-modified alginate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), and an FDA-approved, nonionic surfactant blends were electrospun in 20 and 50% relative humidity conditions. Mats electrospun in high humidity conditions resulted in significantly increased mat thickness and decreased fiber diameters. The mats' alginate content was then isolated via ionic crosslinking and PEO/surfactant extraction. Finally, the alginate-only mat was post-processed by ultra-sonication to further enhance its cross-sectional thickness. Cell morphology, proliferation, and infiltration into the scaffolds were evaluated by seeding fibroblasts onto the alginate mat. Cell spreading, growth and infiltration improved with increased humidity and ultra-sonication. This approach shows great promise for the design of cell-permeable nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Isn Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nancy A. Burns
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Christopher A. Bonino
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saad A. Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bosworth LA, Rathbone SR, Bradley RS, Cartmell SH. Dynamic loading of electrospun yarns guides mesenchymal stem cells towards a tendon lineage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 39:175-83. [PMID: 25129861 PMCID: PMC4180006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies are required when autograft tissue is not sufficient or available to reconstruct damaged tendons. Electrospun fibre yarns could provide such an alternative. This study investigates the seeding of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on electrospun yarns and their response when subjected to dynamic tensile loading. Cell seeded yarns sustained 3600 cycles per day for 21 days. Loaded yarns demonstrated a thickened cell layer around the scaffold׳s exterior compared to statically cultured yarns, which would suggest an increased rate of cell proliferation and/or matrix deposition, whilst maintaining a predominant uniaxial cell orientation. Tensile properties of cell-seeded yarns increased with time compared to acellular yarns. Loaded scaffolds demonstrated an up-regulation in several key tendon genes, including collagen Type I. This study demonstrates the support of hMSCs on electrospun yarns and their differentiation towards a tendon lineage when mechanically stimulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Bosworth
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S R Rathbone
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - R S Bradley
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jiang Q, Xu H, Cai S, Yang Y. Ultrafine fibrous gelatin scaffolds with deep cell infiltration mimicking 3D ECMs for soft tissue repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1789-1800. [PMID: 24728742 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this research, ultrafine fibrous scaffolds with deep cell infiltration and sufficient water stability have been developed from gelatin, aiming to mimic the extracellular matrices (ECMs) as three dimensional (3D) stromas for soft tissue repair. The ultrafine fibrous scaffolds produced from the current technologies of electrospinning and phase separation are either lack of 3D oriented fibrous structure or too compact to be penetrated by cells. Whilst electrospun scaffolds are able to emulate two dimensional (2D) ECMs, they cannot mimic the 3D ECM stroma. In this work, ultralow concentration phase separation (ULCPS) has been developed to fabricate gelatin scaffolds with 3D randomly oriented ultrafine fibers and loose structures. Besides, a non-toxic citric acid crosslinking system has been established for the ULCPS method. This system could endow the scaffolds with sufficient water stability, while maintain the fibrous structures of scaffolds. Comparing with electrospun scaffolds, the ULCPS scaffolds showed improved cytocompatibility and more importantly, cell infiltration. This research has proved the possibility of using gelatin ULCPS scaffolds as the substitutes of 3D ECMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Jiang
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 234, HECO Building, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|