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Xie Q, Guan Y, Hofmann SG, Jiang T, Liu X. The potential mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the impact of mindfulness training on anxiety and depression severity and impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:21-29. [PMID: 35851956 PMCID: PMC9839484 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of mindfulness-based interventions to alleviate anxiety and depression have been supported by many studies. Given the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety and depression, the underlying mechanisms need to be explored. Using a randomized waitlist-controlled design, this study investigated whether anxiety sensitivity was a potential mechanism for the impact of mindfulness training on anxiety and depression. Participants with high psychological distress were randomly assigned to an eight-week mindfulness intervention (N = 35) or a wait-list control group (N = 34). Before and after the intervention or corresponding waitlist period, participants completed measures of anxiety and depression severity and impairment and anxiety sensitivity. Separate mixed ANOVA demonstrated significant group (intervention vs. control group) × time (pre- vs. post-test) interactions for anxiety sensitivity and overall anxiety severity and impairment and marginally significant interaction for overall depression severity and impairment. Moreover, simple mediation models showed that reductions of anxiety sensitivity from pre- to post-test mediated the impact of mindfulness training on changes in anxiety and depression severity and impairment. The findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity is a potential mechanism underlying the effect of mindfulness training on anxiety and depression, which provides a new perspective for the study of processes of change of mindfulness-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ting Jiang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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The effectiveness of emotion cognitive reappraisal as measured by self-reported response and its link to EEG alpha asymmetry. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113042. [PMID: 33279642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal is an important emotion regulation skill for psychological health and well-being, however, some people cannot use this strategy effectively. We investigated EEG alpha asymmetry by calculating lateral index (LI) when twenty-six healthy participants were instructed to complete the emotion cognitive reappraisal task of viewing neutral pictures, watching negative pictures and reappraising negative pictures. According to self-reported valence and arousal, the participants were divided into effective and ineffective groups. Habitual use of rumination was also assessed using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). EEG alpha asymmetry results demonstrated that, ineffective group showed greater relative right temporal activity than effective group in the early stage of reappraisal, indicating higher subjective arousal. Both groups showed greater relative left frontal alpha activity in the late stages of reappraisal compared with watching negative images, indicating the recruitment of corresponding functions in prefrontal regulatory circuitry during the effort of reappraisal. CERQ analysis results showed that, ineffective group got significantly higher score than effective group in habitual use of rumination. Partial correlation revealed that, in male participants, temporal LI change (negative-reappraisal minus negative-watch) was negatively correlated with self-reported arousal and habitual use of rumination. In addition, by using K-means cluster analysis, temporal LI combined with CERQ-rumination score achieved a classification accuracy of 84.6 %. These findings suggested that, EEG alpha asymmetry as well as the habitual use of rumination accounted for the reappraisal effectiveness.
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3
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Schlinkert C, Herbert BM, Baumann N, Koole SL. Preoccupied with the body: mild stress amplifies the relation between rumination and interoception. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1382-1394. [PMID: 32223508 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1746242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Classic and modern emotion theories suggest that the perception of bodily sensations, or interoception, is foundational to emotion processing. The present research examined whether interoception is enhanced among people high in ruminative tendencies, especially under stress. To test this notion, the present research examined the effects of a mild stressor on subjective and objective measures of interoception among people varying in ruminative tendencies. Under conditions of mild stress, rumination was positively associated with self-reported private body consciousness -a marker of interoceptive sensibility- in Study 1 (N = 312) and with heartbeat detection accuracy (especially in the presence of auditory interference) in Study 2 (N = 180). In both studies, rumination was not significantly associated with interoceptive sensibility or accuracy in the absence of stress. These findings suggest that stress-induced amplification of bodily sensations may be important in explaining emotional dysregulation among chronic ruminators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schlinkert
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Beate M Herbert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Baumann
- Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology and Diagnostics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Sander L Koole
- Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Stevens ES, Weinberg A, Nelson BD, Meissel EEE, Shankman SA. The effect of panic disorder versus anxiety sensitivity on event-related potentials during anticipation of threat. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 54:1-10. [PMID: 29291580 PMCID: PMC5820143 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-related abnormalities are key components of the abnormal defensive responding observed in panic disorder (PD). Although behavioral studies have found aberrant attentional biases towards threat in PD, psychophysiological studies have been mixed. Predictability of threat, an important feature of threat processing, may have contributed to these mixed findings. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity, a dimensional trait associated with PD, may yield stronger associations with cognitive processes than categorical diagnoses of PD. In this study, 171 participants with PD and/or depression and healthy controls completed a task that differentiated anticipation of predictable vs. unpredictable shocks, while startle eyeblink and event-related potentials (ERPs [N100, P300]) were recorded. In all participants, relative to the control condition, probe N100 was enhanced to both predictable and unpredictable threat, whereas P300 suppression was unique to predictable threat. Probe N100, but not P300, was associated with startle eyeblink during both threatening conditions, and was strongest for unpredictable threat. PD was not associated with ERPs, but anxiety sensitivity (physical concerns) was positively associated with probe N100 (indicating reduced responding) in the unpredictable condition independent of PD diagnosis. Vulnerability to panic-related psychopathology may be characterized by aberrant early processing of threat, which may be especially evident during anticipation of unpredictable threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Stewart A. Shankman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago, Illinois, 60607 United States, (S. Shankman)
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5
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Abstract
This Special Issue of Cognition and Emotion addresses one of the cardinal concerns of affective science, which is overlapping and distinctive features of anxiety and depression. A central finding in the study of anxiety and depression is that they are moderately highly correlated with each other. This leads us to the question: What is behind this co-occurrence? Possible explanations relate to poor discriminant validity of measures; both emotional states are associated with negative affect; stressful life events; impaired cognitive processes; they share a common biological/genetic diathesis. However, despite a set of common (nonspecific) features, anxiety and depression are clearly not identical emotional states. Differences between them might be best viewed, for example, through their heterogeneous and multi-layered nature, adaptive functions and relations with regulatory processes, positive affect, and motivation or complex cognitive processes. In this introduction we consider several approaches (e.g. functional approach; tripartite model and content-specificity hypothesis) to which most research in this Special Issue is relevant. In addition, we have asked contributors to this Special Issue to indicate how their own studies on comparisons between anxiety and depression and models on anxiety and depression move this area of research to more mature science with applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Eysenck
- a Department of Psychology , University of Roehampton, Whitelands College , London , UK
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6
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Mathews BL, Koehn AJ, Abtahi MM, Kerns KA. Emotional Competence and Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 19:162-84. [PMID: 27072682 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-016-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is conceptualized as a state of negative emotional arousal that is accompanied by concern about future threat. The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to evaluate the evidence of associations between emotional competence and anxiety by examining how specific emotional competence domains (emotion recognition, emotion expression, emotion awareness, emotion understanding, acceptance of emotion, emotional self-efficacy, sympathetic/empathic responses to others' emotions, recognition of how emotion communication and self-presentation affect relationships, and emotion regulatory processes) relate to anxiety in childhood and adolescence. A total of 185 studies were included in a series of meta-analyses (N's ranged from 573 to 25,711). Results showed that anxious youth are less effective at expressing (r = -0.15) and understanding emotions (r = -0.20), less aware of (r = -0.28) and less accepting of their own emotions (r = -0.49), and report less emotional self-efficacy (r = -0.36). More anxious children use more support-seeking coping strategies (r = 0.07) and are more likely to use less adaptive coping strategies including avoidant coping (r = 0.18), externalizing (r = 0.18), and maladaptive cognitive coping (r = 0.34). Emotion acceptance and awareness, emotional self-efficacy, and maladaptive cognitive coping yielded the largest effect sizes. Some effects varied with children's age. The findings inform intervention and treatment programs of anxiety in youth and identify several areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Koehn
- Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Dr., Kent Hall, Kent, OH, 4424, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A Kerns
- Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Dr., Kent Hall, Kent, OH, 4424, USA
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7
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Prediction of pre-exam state anxiety from ruminative disposition: The mediating role of impaired attentional disengagement from negative information. Behav Res Ther 2017; 91:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cogn Emot 2016; 32:1401-1408. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1232698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Garnefski
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Leiden, RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Kraaij
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Leiden, RB Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Ricarte JJ, Ros L, Latorre JM, Muñoz MD, Aguilar MJ, Hernandez JV. Role of anxiety and brooding in specificity of autobiographical recall. Scand J Psychol 2016; 57:495-500. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Latorre
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Criminology and Applied Psychology Centre; Albacete Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Vicente Hernandez
- Department of Psychology; University of Castilla La Mancha; Spain
- Mental Health Service of Castilla La Mancha; Cuenca Spain
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10
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Bettis AH, Forehand R, McKee L, Dunbar JP, Watson KH, Compas BE. Testing Specificity: Associations of Stress and Coping with Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:949-958. [PMID: 28794609 PMCID: PMC5546749 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-015-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented the co-occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression across the lifespan, suggesting that these symptoms share common correlates and etiology. The present study aimed to examine potential specific and/or transdiagnostic correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in at-risk youth. The present study examined youth stress associated with parental depression and youth coping as potential correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in a sample of children of depressed parents. One hundred eighty parents with a history of depression and their children ages 9-15 completed measures assessing youths' stress associated with parental depression (RSQ), symptoms of anxiety and depression (YSR and CBCL), and coping (RSQ). The results support the hypothesis that secondary control coping is a transdiagnostic correlate of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. Youth stress related to parental depression and primary control coping were specific correlates of youth depressive symptoms and not anxiety symptoms. Disengagement coping was not a significant correlate of symptoms of anxiety or depression in youth. Results suggest that there are both transdiagnostic and specific correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in youth. The current study provides evidence to suggest specific types of stress and strategies to cope with this stress demonstrate specificity to symptoms of anxiety and depression in high-risk offspring of depressed parents. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the relationship between stress, coping, and symptoms to inform prevention and treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Bettis
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Rex Forehand
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 50405, USA
| | - Laura McKee
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Jennifer P Dunbar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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11
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Experiential Avoidance and Anxiety Sensitivity: Independent and Specific Associations with Children’s Depression, Anxiety, and Social Anxiety Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Graham RA, Weems CF. Identifying Moderators of the Link Between Parent and Child Anxiety Sensitivity: The Roles of Gender, Positive Parenting, and Corporal Punishment. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:885-93. [PMID: 25301177 PMCID: PMC4393333 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of literature suggests that anxiety sensitivity is a risk factor for the development of anxiety problems and research has now begun to examine the links between parenting, parent anxiety sensitivity and their child's anxiety sensitivity. However, the extant literature has provided mixed findings as to whether parent anxiety sensitivity is associated with child anxiety sensitivity, with some evidence suggesting that other factors may influence the association. Theoretically, specific parenting behaviors may be important to the development of child anxiety sensitivity and also in understanding the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity. In this study, 191 families (n = 255 children and adolescents aged 6-17 and their parents) completed measures of child anxiety sensitivity (CASI) and parenting (APQ-C), and parents completed measures of their own anxiety sensitivity (ASI) and their parenting (APQ-P). Corporal punishment was associated with child anxiety sensitivity and the child's report of their parent's positive parenting behaviors moderated the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity. The child's gender was also found to moderate the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity, such that there was a positive association between girls' and their parents anxiety sensitivity and a negative association in boys. The findings advance the understanding of child anxiety sensitivity by establishing a link with corporal punishment and by showing that the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity may depend upon the parenting context and child's gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA
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13
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Cognitive Vulnerabilities for Depression and Anxiety in Childhood: Specificity of Anxiety Sensitivity and Rumination. Behav Cogn Psychother 2014; 44:30-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465814000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Childhood anxiety and depression frequently co-occur. Exploring specificity in cognitive processes for anxiety and depression in childhood can provide insight into cognitive vulnerabilities contributing to the development of anxiety and depressive disorders and inform targeted psychological interventions. Anxiety sensitivity and rumination are robust cognitive vulnerabilities for anxiety and depression, respectively. However, despite conceptual similarities, they are rarely considered together within a single study. Aims: The current study explored specific and shared associations between anxiety sensitivity subscales and rumination and anxiety and depressive symptoms in unselected children. Method: Multiple regression analyses explored to what extent specific self-reported anxiety sensitivity subscales (physical, social and mental concerns) and rumination predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms in 147 unselected children, aged 7–11 years. Results: Physical and social concern subscales of anxiety sensitivity were specifically associated with anxiety, whilst rumination was specifically associated with depressive symptoms. The mental concerns subscale of anxiety sensitivity was independently associated with both anxiety and depressive symptoms. These associations were only partially mediated by rumination. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression in young people are characterized by specific and shared cognitions. Evidence for shared and specific associations between the cognitive vulnerabilities of anxiety sensitivity and rumination, and anxiety and depression highlight the utility of transdiagnostic research and confirm that cognitive therapies may benefit from targeting cognitive concerns relating specifically to the patient's presenting symptoms.
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