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Esteller M, Dawson MA, Kadoch C, Rassool FV, Jones PA, Baylin SB. The Epigenetic Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:1783-1809. [PMID: 39363741 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-24-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which several molecular and cellular pathways converge to foster the tumoral phenotype. Notably, in the latest iteration of the cancer hallmarks, "nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming" was newly added. However, epigenetics, much like genetics, is a broad scientific area that deserves further attention due to its multiple roles in cancer initiation, progression, and adaptive nature. Herein, we present a detailed examination of the epigenetic hallmarks affected in human cancer, elucidating the pathways and genes involved, and dissecting the disrupted landscapes for DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin architecture that define the disease. Significance: Cancer is a disease characterized by constant evolution, spanning from its initial premalignant stages to the advanced invasive and disseminated stages. It is a pathology that is able to adapt and survive amidst hostile cellular microenvironments and diverse treatments implemented by medical professionals. The more fixed setup of the genetic structure cannot fully provide transformed cells with the tools to survive but the rapid and plastic nature of epigenetic changes is ready for the task. This review summarizes the epigenetic hallmarks that define the ecological success of cancer cells in our bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter A Jones
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lagarde CB, Kavalakatt J, Benz MC, Hawes ML, Arbogast CA, Cullen NM, McConnell EC, Rinderle C, Hebert KL, Khosla M, Belgodere JA, Hoang VT, Collins-Burow BM, Bunnell BA, Burow ME, Alahari SK. Obesity-associated epigenetic alterations and the obesity-breast cancer axis. Oncogene 2024; 43:763-775. [PMID: 38310162 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Both breast cancer and obesity can regulate epigenetic changes or be regulated by epigenetic changes. Due to the well-established link between obesity and an increased risk of developing breast cancer, understanding how obesity-mediated epigenetic changes affect breast cancer pathogenesis is critical. Researchers have described how obesity and breast cancer modulate the epigenome individually and synergistically. In this review, the epigenetic alterations that occur in obesity, including DNA methylation, histone, and chromatin modification, accelerated epigenetic age, carcinogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment modulation, are discussed. Delineating the relationship between obesity and epigenetic regulation is vital to furthering our understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Lagarde
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joachim Kavalakatt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Megan C Benz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Hawes
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Carter A Arbogast
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Nicole M Cullen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Emily C McConnell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Caroline Rinderle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Katherine L Hebert
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Maninder Khosla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jorge A Belgodere
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Van T Hoang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bridgette M Collins-Burow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Science Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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