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Beno S, Ross C, Principi T. Coronavirus disease 2019 in the pediatric emergency department: unique considerations in preparation and response. Curr Opin Pediatr 2021; 33:269-274. [PMID: 33782243 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric Emergency Departments (PEDs) have experienced unique considerations throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We review the adaptations and challenges surrounding the preparation and response for pediatric emergency patients, with a specific focus on operational modifications, evolving personal protected equipment (PPE) needs, protected resuscitation responses, clinical characteristics in children, and the unintended effects on children and youth. RECENT FINDINGS COVID-19 has thus far proven to have a milder course in children, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic carriage or typical viral symptoms, to novel clinical entities such as 'COVID toes' and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), the latter associated with potentially significant morbidity. It has had an important effect on primary prevention, injury rates, reduced presentations for emergency care, and increased mental health, abuse and neglect rates in children and youth. PEDs have prepared successfully. The most significant adjustments have occurred with screening, testing, and consistent and effective use of PPE, along with protected responses to resuscitation, adaptations to maintain family-centered care, and technological advances in communication and virtual care. Simulation has been key to the successful implementation of many of these strategies. SUMMARY COVID-19 has pushed PEDs to rapidly adapt to evolving clinical and societal needs, with both resultant challenges and positive advances. Further experience and research will guide how in the face of a global pandemic we can further optimize the clinical and operational care of children and youth, ensure robust educational training programs, and maintain provider safety and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Beno
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aoyagi T, Kabumoto K, Takatori F, Inoue M. A Novel Nasal Cannula Type Mainstream Capnometer System Capable of Oxygen Administration. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:4450-4453. [PMID: 33018982 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capnometry is a method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled gas and has been used to monitor patient's respiratory status. During moderate or deep sedation, monitoring for the presence of exhaled CO2 is recommended for evaluating the adequacy of ventilation. Oxygen administration is usually given to patients with a nasal cannula to avoid hypoxia during sedation. However, the flow of oxygen administration can interfere with CO2 measurement. We developed a nasal cannula type adapter called cap-ONE nasal adapter system based on the mainstream capnography which is designed to monitor CO2 while supplying oxygen. In this study, we evaluated the basic performance of the system as compared with a conventional device using a spontaneous breathing model. The cap-ONE nasal adapter system could accurately measure PetCO2 without being disturbed by oxygen flow and efficiently supply oxygen.
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Baba Y, Takatori F, Inoue M, Matsubara I. A Novel Mainstream Capnometer System for Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:4446-4449. [PMID: 33018981 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capnometry is a method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled gas and it has been used to monitor patient respiratory status. CO2 monitoring is also used for patients receiving non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) therapy during mechanical ventilation. Ventilators actively dilute exhaled gas during non-invasive ventilation. In order to accurately measure end-tidal CO2, an adequate amount of expired gas needs to be filled in a CO2 measurement cell before expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) gas from the ventilator arrives to the cell. This is the reason why it is difficult to measure CO2 stably during non-invasive ventilation using the conventional CO2 measurement method. Therefore, we developed NPPV cap-ONE mask, which accurately measures CO2 in exhaled gas during non-invasive ventilation. In this study, we evaluated the basic performance of the NPPV cap-ONE mask system. The NPPV cap-ONE mask system could accurately measure CO2 in exhaled gas comparing to the conventional device in this study.
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Takimoto Y, Iwasaki E, Masaoka T, Fukuhara S, Kawasaki S, Seino T, Katayama T, Minami K, Tamagawa H, Machida Y, Ogata H, Kanai T. Novel mainstream capnometer system is safe and feasible even under CO 2 insufflation during ERCP-related procedure: a pilot study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6:e000266. [PMID: 30899539 PMCID: PMC6398869 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2018-000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims There is a need to safely achieve conscious sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We evaluated the safety and feasibility of a mainstream capnometer system to monitor apnoea during ERCP under CO2 insufflation. Methods Non-intubated adult patients undergoing ERCP-related procedures with intravenous sedation were enrolled. End-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) was continuously monitored during the procedure under CO2 insufflation using a mainstream capnometer system, comprising a capnometer and a specially designed bite block for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ERCP. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was also monitored continuously during the procedure. In this study, we evaluated the safety and feasibility of the capnometer system. Results Eleven patients were enrolled. Measurement of EtCO2 concentration was possible from the beginning to the end of the procedure in all 11 cases. There was no measurement failure, dislocation of the bite block, or adverse event related to the bite block. Apnoea linked to hypoxaemia occurred five times (mean duration, 174.4 s). Conclusion This study confirmed that apnoea was detected earlier than when using a percutaneous oxygen monitor. Measurement of EtCO2 concentration using the newly developed mainstream capnometer system was feasible and safe even under CO2 insufflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Takimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Iwasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Masaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fukuhara
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, KeioUniversity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Seino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Katayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tamagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yujiro Machida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, KeioUniversity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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King BJ, Megison A, Scogin Z, Christensen BJ. Capnography Detection Using Nasal Cannula Is Superior to Modified Nasal Hood in an Open Airway System: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 77:1576-1581. [PMID: 30851253 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The nasal cannula and modified nasal hood are methods used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons to detect expired carbon dioxide during procedural sedation in an open airway system. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the detection of expired carbon dioxide between the nasal cannula and modified nasal hood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors designed a parallel-group randomized controlled trial to compare the nasal cannula and modified nasal hood. Patients presenting to the authors' institution for outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) using intravenous deep sedation or general anesthesia were randomized to have capnography detection by the modified nasal hood or the nasal cannula. The primary outcome variable was the percentage of accurately captured breaths, as determined by the average number of capnography waveforms per auscultated breath using a precordial stethoscope. The 2 groups were compared using t test. RESULTS Fifty patients were screened for enrollment in the study. Twenty-five patients were randomized to the nasal cannula group and 25 patients were randomized to the modified nasal hood group. The proportion of accurate waveforms, recorded as a percentage of total breaths, was 95.7 ± 4.7% for the nasal cannula and 75.8 ± 14.1% for the modified nasal hood (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS When used for capnography for procedural sedation in an open airway system for routine OMS, the nasal cannula accurately recorded more breaths than the modified nasal hood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J King
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA.
| | - Andrew Megison
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Zach Scogin
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Brian J Christensen
- Chief Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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Arango-Granados MC, Zarama Córdoba V, Castro Llanos AM, Bustamante Cristancho LA. Evaluation of end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient as a predictor of volume responsiveness in spontaneously breathing healthy adults. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:21. [PMID: 30062599 PMCID: PMC6066588 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methods to guide fluid therapy in spontaneously breathing patients are scarce. No studies have reported the accuracy of end-tidal CO2 (ET-CO2) to predict volume responsiveness in these patients. We sought to evaluate the ET-CO2 gradient (ΔET-CO2) after a passive leg rise (PLR) maneuver to predict volume responsiveness in spontaneously breathing healthy adults. Methods We conducted a prospective study in healthy adult human volunteers. A PLR maneuver was performed and cardiac output (CO) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. ET-CO2 was measured with non-invasive capnographs. Volume responsiveness was defined as an increase in cardiac output (CO) > 12% at 90 s after PLR. Results Of the 50 volunteers, 32% were classified as volume responders. In this group, the left ventricle outflow tract velocity time integral (VTILVOT) increased from 17.9 ± 3.0 to 20.4 ± 3.4 (p = 0.0004), CO increased from 4.4 ± 1.5 to 5.5 ± 1.6 (p = 0.0), and ET-CO2 rose from 32 ± 4.84 to 33 ± 5.07 (p = 0.135). Within the entire population, PLR-induced percentage ∆CO was not correlated with percentage ∆ET-CO2 (R2 = 0.13; p = 0.36). The area under the receiver operating curve for the ability of ET-CO2 to discriminate responders from non-responders was of 0.67 ± 0.09 (95% CI 0.498–0.853). A ΔET-CO2 ≥ 2 mmHg had a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 97.06%, positive likelihood ratio of 17.00, negative likelihood ratio of 0.51, positive predictive value of 88.9%, and negative predictive value of 80.5% for the prediction of fluid responsiveness. Conclusions ΔET-CO2 after a PLR has limited utility to discriminate responders from non-responders among healthy spontaneously breathing adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40635-018-0187-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Arango-Granados
- Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 No. 122-135 Pance, Cali, Colombia. .,Fundación Valle del Lili, Av. Simón Bolívar. Cra 98 # 18-49, Cali, Colombia.
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Balogh AL, Petak F, Fodor GH, Tolnai J, Csorba Z, Babik B. Capnogram slope and ventilation dead space parameters: comparison of mainstream and sidestream techniques. Br J Anaesth 2018; 117:109-17. [PMID: 27317710 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capnography may provide useful non-invasive bedside information concerning heterogeneity in lung ventilation, ventilation-perfusion mismatching and metabolic status. Although the capnogram may be recorded by mainstream and sidestream techniques, the capnogram indices furnished by these approaches have not previously been compared systematically. METHODS Simultaneous mainstream and sidestream time and volumetric capnography was performed in anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated patients undergoing elective heart surgery. Time capnography was used to assess the phase II (SII,T) and III slopes (SIII,T). The volumetric method was applied to estimate phase II (SII,V) and III slopes (SIII,V), together with the dead space values according to the Fowler (VDF), Bohr (VDB), and Enghoff (VDE) methods and the volume of CO2 eliminated per breath ([Formula: see text]). The partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 ([Formula: see text]) was registered. RESULTS Excellent correlation and good agreement were observed in SIII,T measured by the mainstream and sidestream techniques [ratio=1.05 (sem 0.16), R(2)=0.92, P<0.0001]. Although the sidestream technique significantly underestimated [Formula: see text] and overestimated SIII,V [1.32 (0.28), R(2)=0.93, P<0.0001], VDF, VDB, and VDE, the agreement between the mainstream and sidestream techniques in the difference between VDE and VDB, reflecting the intrapulmonary shunt, was excellent [0.97 (0.004), R(2)=0.92, P<0.0001]. The [Formula: see text] exhibited good correlation and mild differences between the mainstream and sidestream approaches [0.025 (0.005) kPa]. CONCLUSIONS Sidestream capnography provides adequate quantitative bedside information about uneven alveolar emptying and ventilation-perfusion mismatching, because it allows reliable assessments of the phase III slope, [Formula: see text] and intrapulmonary shunt. Reliable measurement of volumetric parameters (phase II slope, dead spaces, and eliminated CO2 volumes) requires the application of a mainstream device.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Balogh
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Szeged, 6 Semmelweis u. H-6725, Szeged, Hungary Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, 9 Koranyi fasor, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - F Petak
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, 9 Koranyi fasor, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G H Fodor
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, 9 Koranyi fasor, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Tolnai
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, 9 Koranyi fasor, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Z Csorba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Szeged, 6 Semmelweis u. H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - B Babik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Szeged, 6 Semmelweis u. H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
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Kabumoto K, Takatori F, Inoue M. A novel mainstream capnometer system for endoscopy delivering oxygen. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:3433-3436. [PMID: 29060635 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capnometry is a method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled gas and it has been used in patients to monitor their respiratory status. Monitoring of exhaled CO2 during endoscopic procedures has been shown to be effective in detecting drug-induced respiratory depression. Oxygen (O2) supplementation is given to patients to abolish hypoxia during endoscopy. However, oxygen administration can interfere with CO2 measurement owing to oxygen flow. Therefore, we developed cap-ONE Biteblock for patients undergoing endoscopy with oxygen supply to measure CO2 accurately. In this study we evaluated the basic performance of cap-ONE Biteblock. The cap-ONE Biteblock system could accurately measure CO2 and efficiently supply O2 comparing to conventional devices via a bench study.
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Oral capnography is more effective than nasal capnography during sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 32:321-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-017-0029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Seguchi O, Hisamatsu E, Nakano A, Nakajima S, Kuroda K, Watanabe T, Sato T, Sunami H, Yanase M, Hata H, Hamasaki T, Fujita T, Kobayashi J, Nakatani T, Kitakaze M, Fukushima N. Low partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide predicts left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2016; 230:40-46. [PMID: 28038817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to clarify the prognostic impact of partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (HF). METHODS Forty-eight patients (mean age 43.1±11.9years, 32 males) with chronic HF (44 with non-ischemic and 4 with ischemic cardiomyopathy) were prospectively enrolled. Echocardiography, blood tests, pulmonary function testing, and PETCO2 measurements were performed as noninvasive tests, whereas right heart catheterization and arterial blood gas analysis were conducted as invasive tests. The primary end point of this study was left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation or cardiac death. RESULTS Eighteen patients underwent LVAD implantation at the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profile 3 during the follow-up period, and no patient died. PETCO2 was significantly lower in a stepwise manner with New York Heart Association functional class (class I or II, 34.2±9.3mmHg vs. class III or IV, 27.7±2.5mmHg; p<0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that PETCO2≤31mmHg is an independent noninvasive predictor of LVAD implantation. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses showed that pulmonary arterial pressure was independently and highly correlated with PETCO2 (r2=-0.512, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among various noninvasive clinical parameters investigated, PETCO2 was the independent predictor of LVAD implantation at the INTERMACS profile 3 in patients with chronic HF. Pulmonary congestion may significantly contribute to decreases in PETCO2 in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Seguchi
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Eriko Hisamatsu
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Clinical Research, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiko Nakajima
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kuroda
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Sato
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruki Sunami
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yanase
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hata
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hamasaki
- Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junjiro Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakatani
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Clinical Research, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihide Fukushima
- Department of Transplantation,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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Nagoshi M, Morzov R, Hotz J, Belson P, Matar M, Ross P, Wetzel R. Mainstream capnography system for nonintubated children in the postanesthesia care unit: Performance with changing flow rates, and a comparison to side stream capnography. Paediatr Anaesth 2016; 26:1179-1187. [PMID: 27663694 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in nonintubated patients is challenging. We compared the precision of a mainstream mask capnography to side stream sampling nasal cannula capnography. In addition, we compared the effect of gas flow rates on the measured exhaled CO2 between mainstream mask and side stream nasal cannula capnography. METHODS A mainstream mask capnography system (cap-ONE) was tested. Children (weight of 7-40 kg, ASA 1-2) following anesthesia for minor procedures were assigned randomly to side stream or mainstream sampling groups. The side stream group wore a nasal cannula with CO2 side port (NC). In the postanesthesia care unit, O2 flow was started at 5 l·min-1 , reduced to 2 and then 0.25 l·min-1 every 3 min. Capnogram analysis measuring heights of all the waveforms was performed for continuous 120 s from the end of recording at each O2 flow rate for each group. RESULTS Fifty-eight children were enrolled and 39 were analyzed (18 side stream NC and 21 mainstream mask). There were two mouth breathing children excluded from study in side stream NC group due to failure to capture measurable CO2 waveforms. Peak CO2 values measured by mainstream mask system were normally (Gaussian) distributed with smaller standard deviation (sd) at each O2 flow than were those measured by side stream NC system which demonstrated irregular distributions with larger sd. Peak CO2 values measurement was less affected by a change in flow rate in mainstream mask group than in side stream NC group (P = 0.04 in 5-0.25 l·min-1 O2 flow change). CONCLUSION A new mainstream mask system (cap-ONE) performed with greater precision than side stream NC monitoring regardless of mouth breathing. Measurement of peak CO2 values by mainstream mask system showed normal distribution with smaller standard deviation (sd) and was less affected by O2 flow change in predictable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nagoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rica Morzov
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Hotz
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paula Belson
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marla Matar
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Ross
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randall Wetzel
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hallén K, Stenqvist O, Ricksten SE, Lindgren S. A simple method for isocapnic hyperventilation evaluated in a lung model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60:597-606. [PMID: 26688296 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocapnic hyperventilation (IHV) has the potential to increase the elimination rate of anaesthetic gases and has been shown to shorten time to wake-up and post-operative recovery time after inhalation anaesthesia. In this bench test, we describe a technique to achieve isocapnia during hyperventilation (HV) by adding carbon dioxide (CO2) directly to the breathing circuit of a standard anaesthesia apparatus with standard monitoring equipment. METHODS Into a mechanical lung model, carbon dioxide was added to simulate a CO2 production (V(CO2)) of 175, 200 and 225 ml/min. Dead space (V(D)) volume could be set at 44, 92 and 134 ml. From baseline ventilation (BLV), HV was achieved by doubling the minute ventilation and fresh gas flow for each level of V(CO2), and dead space. During HV, CO2 was delivered (D(CO2)) by a precision flow meter via a mixing box to the inspiratory limb of the anaesthesia circuit to achieve isocapnia. RESULTS During HV, the alveolar ventilation increased by 113 ± 6%. Tidal volume increased by 20 ± 0.1% during IHV irrespective of V(D) and V(CO2) level. D(CO2) varied between 147 ± 8 and 325 ± 13 ml/min. Low V(CO2) and large V(D) demanded a greater D(CO2) administration to achieve isocapnia. The FICO2 level during IHV varied between 2.3% and 3.3%. CONCLUSION It is possible to maintain isocapnia during HV by delivering carbon dioxide through a standard anaesthesia circuit equipped with modern monitoring capacities. From alveolar ventilation, CO2 production and dead space, the amount of carbon dioxide that is needed to achieve IHV can be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hallén
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care medicine; Institution of Clinical Sciences; The Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - O. Stenqvist
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care medicine; Institution of Clinical Sciences; The Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - S.-E. Ricksten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care medicine; Institution of Clinical Sciences; The Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - S. Lindgren
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care medicine; Institution of Clinical Sciences; The Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
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Satoh K, Chikuda M, Ohashi A, Kumagai M, Kuji A, Joh S. Evaluation of transcutaneous and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels during inhalation sedation in volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput 2015; 30:423-8. [PMID: 26178885 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-015-9734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) is useful because of its noninvasiveness, continuity, and response time when sudden changes in ventilation occur during inhalation sedation. We compared the accuracy of PETCO2 using a nasal mask and nasal cannula with the accuracy of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TC-CO2) and determined which method is more useful during inhalation sedation in volunteers. We used a modified nasal mask (MNM) and modified nasal cannula (MNC) for measurement of PETCO2. The capnometer measured PETCO2 in the gas expired from the nasal cavity by means of two devices. The volunteers received supplemental O2 by means of each device at a flow rate of 6 L/min. After the volunteers lay quietly for 5 min with a supply of 100 % O2, they received supplemental N2O by means of each device at concentrations of 10, 20, and 25 % for 5 min and 30 % for 25 min. The correlation coefficient was poorer in the MNM than in the MNC, and the mean difference between TC-CO2 and PETCO2 in the MNM was greater than that in the MNC. The difference between the TC-CO2 and PETCO2 ranged from 3 to 6 mmHg in the MNM and from 2 to 5 mmHg in the MNC. The difference between two variables against the TC-CO2 and the CO2 waveforms obtained by means of the two devices were within the clinically acceptable range. Our two devices can provide continuous monitoring of PETCO2 with a supply of N2O/O2 in patients undergoing inhalation sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Satoh
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Mami Chikuda
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohashi
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Miho Kumagai
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kuji
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Joh
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
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14
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Yang J, Wang H, Chen B, Wang B, Wang L. Use of signal decomposition to compensate for respiratory disturbance in mainstream capnometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2145-2151. [PMID: 24787173 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
End-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO₂) monitoring has become an important tool in clinical monitoring, but there are still limitations in practice. Low-frequency modulation was used to reliably acquire respiratory information. Then the disturbances of humidity and flow rate were removed by signal decomposition. Finally, the real-time concentration of CO₂ was calculated and displayed by an adjusted calibration function. Targeted experiments confirm that a period of 180 ms and a depth of 50% was the optimal choice. In this case, the effects of humidity and flow rate reflected by different components were removed effectively from the capnography. This capnometer obtains capnography with excellent accuracy and stability in long-term continuous monitoring.
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15
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Yang J, Wang H, Wang B, Wang L. Accurate and stable continuous monitoring module by mainstream capnography. J Clin Monit Comput 2013; 28:363-9. [PMID: 24311023 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-013-9541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
End-tidal partial pressure of [Formula: see text] is an important index in clinical monitoring. Medical mainstream capnography has become widely used, but there are still limitations in accuracy and stability. A type of mainstream capnometer based on the principle of non-dispersive infrared was designed. This capnometer inhibits signal drift by using electric modulation and thus ensures the accuracy of long-term CO2 monitoring. Statistical methods are used to find the best setting for sampling respiratory signals and improving precision. Several digital filtering techniques are used to process various interferences and improve capnogram quality. Clinical tests and targeted experiments show this mainstream capnometer can accurately monitor respiratory CO2 concentrations, especially at the end-tidal peak point. This capnometer also shows high accuracy and stability in long-term continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Yang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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16
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Takatori F, Yamamori S, Inoue M, Abe S, Miyasaka K. A novel mainstream capnometer system for non-intubated pediatric patients requiring oxygen administration. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:1189-92. [PMID: 22254528 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capnometer has been widely used as a respiratory monitor. Stable carbon dioxide (CO(2)) monitoring of non-intubated patient is especially problematic due to the frequent occurrence of tube obstruction and it could be even more difficult when oxygen is being administered. Oxygen is often administered by an oxygen mask or oxygen nasal cannula; however there are some problems with these methods. For oxygen masks, it is necessary to provide high-flow oxygen to prevent rebreathing of exhaled CO(2), and as for oxygen nasal cannula, it is incapable of increasing the oxygen concentration and patient may feel uncomfortable during oxygen administration because it could dry nasal mucous. To solve these problems, we developed a novel mainstream capnometer system, which provides stable monitoring of exhaled CO(2) while administering oxygen. This capnometer system has a mask with an opening large enough to facilitate the observation of patient's nose and mouth and the procedures such as daily oral care. Furthermore, the outer rim of the mask is designed to effectively retain oxygen flow without causing rebreathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takatori
- Nihon Kohden Corporation, 1-31-4 Nishiochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Kusunoki R, Amano Y, Yuki T, Oka A, Okada M, Tada Y, Uno G, Moriyama I, Ishimura N, Ishihara S, Kinoshita Y. Capnographic monitoring for carbon dioxide insufflation during endoscopic mucosal dissection: comparison of transcutaneous and end-tidal capnometers. Surg Endosc 2011; 26:501-6. [PMID: 21938580 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-1908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Rousselon S, Coat M, Nguyen B, Gouny P, Nowak E, Wargnier JP, Arvieux CC, Gueret G. Comparaison de la mesure de la PETCO2 obtenue avec le Smart Capnoline™ avec la PaCO2 en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque chez des patients intubés puis extubés. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:13-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Hildebrandt T, Espelund M, Olsen K. Evaluation of a transportable capnometer for monitoring end-tidal carbon dioxide. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:1017-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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