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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Anthony S. Cnida sequestration in aeolid nudibranchs: variability and retention time of sequestered cnidae in the opalescent sea slug, Hermissenda crassicornis (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia). CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aeolid sea slugs can isolate and store stinging cnidae obtained from their cnidarian prey, presumably for their own defence. There are 30 different varieties of cnidae, identified by their unique structure. The aeolids engulf the cnidae and store them in a functional state at the tips of their cerata. Although the process of cnida sequestration is reasonably well understood in aeolids, two critical questions remain: (1) are cnida types uniformly distributed among the cerata and (2) how long do sequestered cnidae persist? I collected opalescent sea slugs (Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831)) from Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada, and determined the cnida complements in four cerata per individual by microscope. The cnida complements differed between cerata from different body regions within the individual (values of Whittaker’s dissimilarity index from 2.5% to 36.3%). Furthermore, the cnidae varieties in low abundances are not consistently present within an individual. I also found that H. crassicornis fed a non-cnidarian diet lost cnidae over time, but the cnidarian-fed individuals did not: 3 of 10 H. crassicornis on the non-cnidarian diet lacked cnidae completely at 42 days. Future studies of cnida sequestration should be mindful that one ceras does not give an adequate representation of the distribution of sequestered cnidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.E. Anthony
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada
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Avila C. Terpenoids in Marine Heterobranch Molluscs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030162. [PMID: 32183298 PMCID: PMC7143877 DOI: 10.3390/md18030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterobranch molluscs are rich in natural products. As other marine organisms, these gastropods are still quite unexplored, but they provide a stunning arsenal of compounds with interesting activities. Among their natural products, terpenoids are particularly abundant and diverse, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids. This review evaluates the different kinds of terpenoids found in heterobranchs and reports on their bioactivity. It includes more than 330 metabolites isolated from ca. 70 species of heterobranchs. The monoterpenoids reported may be linear or monocyclic, while sesquiterpenoids may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic molecules. Diterpenoids in heterobranchs may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic compounds. Sesterterpenoids, instead, are linear, bicyclic, or tetracyclic. Triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids are not as abundant as the previously mentioned types. Within heterobranch molluscs, no terpenoids have been described in this period in tylodinoideans, cephalaspideans, or pteropods, and most terpenoids have been found in nudibranchs, anaspideans, and sacoglossans, with very few compounds in pleurobranchoideans and pulmonates. Monoterpenoids are present mostly in anaspidea, and less abundant in sacoglossa. Nudibranchs are especially rich in sesquiterpenes, which are also present in anaspidea, and in less numbers in sacoglossa and pulmonata. Diterpenoids are also very abundant in nudibranchs, present also in anaspidea, and scarce in pleurobranchoidea, sacoglossa, and pulmonata. Sesterterpenoids are only found in nudibranchia, while triterpenoids, carotenoids, and steroids are only reported for nudibranchia, pleurobranchoidea, and anaspidea. Many of these compounds are obtained from their diet, while others are biotransformed, or de novo biosynthesized by the molluscs. Overall, a huge variety of structures is found, indicating that chemodiversity correlates to the amazing biodiversity of this fascinating group of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Abstract
The marine environment encompasses a huge biological diversity and can be considered as an underexplored location for prospecting bioactive molecules. In this review, the current state of art about antimicrobial molecules from marine bacteria has been summarized considering the main phylum and sources evolved in a marine environment. Considering the last two decades, we have found as most studied group of bacteria producers of substances with antimicrobial activity is the Firmicutes phylum, in particular strains of the Bacillus genus. The reason for that can be attributed to the difficult cultivation of typical Actinobacteria from a marine sediment, whose members are the major producers of antimicrobial substances in land environments. However, a reversed trend has been observed in recent years with an increasing number of reports settling on Actinobacteria. Great diversity of chemical structures have been identified, such as fijimicyns and lynamicyns from Actinomycetes and macrolactins produced by Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stincone
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Goodheart JA, Bleidißel S, Schillo D, Strong EE, Ayres DL, Preisfeld A, Collins AG, Cummings MP, Wägele H. Comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac in Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). Front Zool 2018; 15:43. [PMID: 30473719 PMCID: PMC6234619 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of shelled and shell-less gastropods are known to use multiple defensive mechanisms, including internally generated or externally obtained biochemically active compounds and structures. Within Nudipleura, nudibranchs within Cladobranchia possess such a special defense: the ability to sequester cnidarian nematocysts - small capsules that can inject venom into the tissues of other organisms. This ability is distributed across roughly 600 species within Cladobranchia, and many questions still remain in regard to the comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac - the structure that houses sequestered nematocysts (called kleptocnides). In this paper, we describe cnidosac morphology across the main groups of Cladobranchia in which it occurs, and place variation in its structure in a phylogenetic context to better understand the evolution of nematocyst sequestration. Results Overall, we find that the length, size and structure of the entrance to the cnidosac varies more than expected based on previous work, as does the structure of the exit, the musculature surrounding the cnidosac, and the position and orientation of the kleptocnides. The sequestration of nematocysts has originated at least twice within Cladobranchia based on the phylogeny presented here using 94 taxa and 409 genes. Conclusions The cnidosac is not homologous to cnidosac-like structures found in Hancockiidae. Additionally, the presence of a sac at the distal end of the digestive gland may have originated prior to the sequestration of nematocysts. This study provides a more complete picture of variation in, and evolution of, morphological characters associated with nematocyst sequestration in Cladobranchia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Goodheart
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,2NMFS, National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC-153, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA.,3Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA.,4Present address: Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Sabrina Bleidißel
- 5Zoology and Didactics of Biology, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schillo
- 6Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ellen E Strong
- 3Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Daniel L Ayres
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Angelika Preisfeld
- 5Zoology and Didactics of Biology, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Allen G Collins
- 2NMFS, National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC-153, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA
| | - Michael P Cummings
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Heike Wägele
- 6Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Fisch KM, Hertzer C, Böhringer N, Wuisan ZG, Schillo D, Bara R, Kaligis F, Wägele H, König GM, Schäberle TF. The Potential of Indonesian Heterobranchs Found around Bunaken Island for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E384. [PMID: 29215579 PMCID: PMC5742844 DOI: 10.3390/md15120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The species diversity of marine heterobranch sea slugs found on field trips around Bunaken Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) and adjacent islands of the Bunaken National Marine Park forms the basis of this review. In a survey performed in 2015, 80 species from 23 families were collected, including 17 new species. Only three of these have been investigated previously in studies from Indonesia. Combining species diversity with a former study from 2003 reveals in total 140 species from this locality. The diversity of bioactive compounds known and yet to be discovered from these organisms is summarized and related to the producer if known or suspected (might it be down the food chain, de novo synthesised from the slug or an associated bacterium). Additionally, the collection of microorganisms for the discovery of natural products of pharmacological interest from this hotspot of biodiversity that is presented here contains more than 50 species that have never been investigated before in regard to bioactive secondary metabolites. This highlights the great potential of the sea slugs and the associated microorganisms for the discovery of natural products of pharmacological interest from this hotspot of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Fisch
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Nils Böhringer
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Zerlina G Wuisan
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Schillo
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Robert Bara
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
| | - Fontje Kaligis
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
| | - Heike Wägele
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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7
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UHPLC-MS/MS profiling of Aplysia depilans and assessment of its potential therapeutic use: Interference on iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and caspase-mediated pro-apoptotic effect on SH-SY5Y cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Ciavatta ML, García-Matucheski S, Carbone M, Villani G, Nicotera MR, Muniain C, Gavagnin M. Chemistry of Two Distinct Aeolid Spurilla
Species: Ecological Implications. Chem Biodivers 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Ciavatta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
| | - Stella García-Matucheski
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Campus Miguelete 1650 San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
| | - Guido Villani
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Nicotera
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
| | - Claudia Muniain
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Campus Miguelete 1650 San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Margherita Gavagnin
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Campi Flegrei 34 IT-80078 Pozzuoli Naples Italy
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9
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Böhringer N, Fisch KM, Schillo D, Bara R, Hertzer C, Grein F, Eisenbarth JH, Kaligis F, Schneider T, Wägele H, König GM, Schäberle TF. Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Associated with Marine Sea Slugs from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1092. [PMID: 28659904 PMCID: PMC5469899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudibranchia, marine soft-bodied organisms, developed, due to the absence of a protective shell, different strategies to protect themselves against putative predators and fouling organisms. One strategy is to use chemical weapons to distract predators, as well as pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, these gastropods take advantage of the incorporation of chemical molecules. Thereby the original source of these natural products varies; it might be the food source, de novo synthesis from the sea slug, or biosynthesis by associated bacteria. These bioactive molecules applied by the slugs can become important drug leads for future medicinal drugs. To test the potential of the associated bacteria, the latter were isolated from their hosts, brought into culture and extracts were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activities. From 49 isolated bacterial strains 35 showed antibiotic activity. The most promising extracts were chosen for further testing against relevant pathogens. In that way three strains showing activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and one strain with activity against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, respectively, were identified. The obtained results indicate that the sea slug associated microbiome is a promising source for bacterial strains, which hold the potential for the biotechnological production of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Böhringer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Katja M Fisch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schillo
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Robert Bara
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi UniversityManado, Indonesia
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Grein
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Bonn-CologneBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Eisenbarth
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Fontje Kaligis
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi UniversityManado, Indonesia
| | - Tanja Schneider
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Bonn-CologneBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
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10
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Cheng W, Li X, Yin F, van Ofwegen L, Lin W. Halogenated Briarane Diterpenes with Acetyl Migration from the Gorgonian Coral Junceella fragilis. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Peking University; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Peking University; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Fuling Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Peking University; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | | | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Peking University; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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11
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Fragilolides A-Q, norditerpenoid and briarane diterpenoids from the gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia). Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:502-519. [PMID: 28405231 PMCID: PMC5372768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1-4, cembranoid diterpenes 5-13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16-19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Defensive Diterpene from the Aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:611-615. [PMID: 26649919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodesmium is a tropical marine slug genus with about 30 described species. None of them have a protective shell, and all of them feed on octocorals that are generally known to provide defensive compounds and thus help to defend the naked slugs against sympatric predators, such as fish, crabs, cephalopods, and echinoderms. Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the species that grows the biggest and that is least protected by camouflage on its respective food, usually a soft coral of the genus Sarcophyton. Investigation of the lipophilic extract of a single specimen of P. longicirrum from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) led to the isolation of four new polycyclic diterpenes. Compound 1 showed significant deterrent activity in a fish feeding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig , Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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